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MU‘TASIM-BİLLÂH Skip to content Ebû İshâk el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh Muhammed b. Hârûn er-Reşîd b. Muhammed el-Mehdî-Billâh el-Abbâsî (ö. 227/842)
Hârûnürreşîd’in Soğd asıllı bir câriyesinden 10 Şâban 180’de (18 Ekim 796) Bağdat’ta dünyaya geldi. 179 (795) yılında doğduğu da rivayet edilir (Taberî, IX, 119). Çocukluk yıllarında gerekli eğitimi alamadığı ve bu sebeple ilim açısından zayıf kaldığı kaydedilmektedir. Kardeşleri Emîn ile Me’mûn arasında cereyan eden iktidar mücadelesi sırasında Bağdat’ta kalıp siyasî hadiselerden uzak durdu. İlk resmî görevi 200 (816) yılında yaptığı hac emirliğidir. Ülkeyi Merv’den yönetip Bağdat’a dönmeyen Me’mûn’a karşı Bağdat’ta halife ilân edilen İbrâhim b. Mehdî’nin emriyle 202’de (817) Mehdî b. Ulvân el-Harûrî liderliğindeki bir Hâricî isyanını bastırdı (a.g.e. , VIII, 558). 213 (828) yılında Me’mûn tarafından Mısır ve Suriye valiliğine tayin edildi ve Türkler’den askerî birlikler teşkil etmekle görevlendirildi. Başlangıçta Bağdat’ta kalmaya devam eden Mu‘tasım, Mısır’da bazı Arap kabilelerinin isyan edip onun gönderdiği âmili öldürmesi üzerine (Rebîülevvel 214 / Mayıs 829) Mısır’a gitti ve isyanı bastırdıktan sonra Bağdat’a döndü (215/830). Ertesi yıl da Abdûs el-Fihrî bazı âmilleri öldürünce Halife Me’mûn bizzat Mısır’a giderek Afşin’in (Haydar b. Kâvûs) yardımıyla isyanı bastırdı (217/832).
Valiliği döneminde Mu‘tasım, Halife Me’mûn’un Bizans seferlerine katılarak önemli başarılar elde etti. Onun 216 (831) yılındaki Anadolu seferinde otuz kale fethettiği rivayet edilir (a.g.e. , VIII, 625). Mu‘tasım, 218 (833) yılındaki Bizans seferi için de geniş hazırlıklar yaptı ve halife ile birlikte yola çıktı. Me’mûn’un Bedendûn (Pozantı) suyu yakınlarında vefat etmesi üzerine (18 Receb 218 / 9 Ağustos 833) bazı kumandanlar oğlu Abbas’a biat etmek istedilerse de özellikle Afşin başta olmak üzere Türk kumandanları Me’mûn’un kardeşi Ebû İshak Muhammed’in halife olmasını istiyordu. Anlaşmazlığın hallinden sonra Abbas b. Me’mûn muhtemelen Türkler’in baskısıyla amcasına biat edince Ebû İshak Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh unvanıyla halife ilân edildi. Me’mûn’un, daha önce Mu‘tasım’ı veliaht tayin ettiğine dair rivayetler şüphe ile karşılanmakta veya böyle bir tayinin Me’mûn’un ölümüne sebep olan hastalığı sırasında Türk kumandanlarının etkisiyle yapıldığı ileri sürülmektedir (Yıldız, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , s. 23).
Mu‘tasım-Billâh, siyasî açıdan ortaya çıkabilecek bir istikrarsızlığın önüne geçmek düşüncesiyle Bizans seferine devam etmeyip Bağdat’a döndü (1 Ramazan 218 / 20 Eylül 833) ve başşehirde düzenlenen biat merasimiyle taç giydi. Mu‘tasım’ın halife olmasıyla Arap ve İranlı unsurlardan sonra devlet yönetimi Türkler’in eline geçmeye başladı. Câhiz, Türkler’i iyi tanıyan Mu‘tasım’ın onlara ihsanda bulunup etrafına topladığını kaydeder (Hilâfet Ordusunun Menkıbeleri , s. 76). Bu olay Türk tarihi açısından da önemlidir. Mu‘tasım-Billâh sayesinde Abbâsîler’in hizmetine giren Türk askerleri, Tolunoğulları ve İhşîdîler’in kuruluşunda olduğu gibi Türkler’in kitleler halinde İslâmiyet’e girmesinde de önemli rol oynadı.
Kendisine vezir olarak ilk önce Fazl b. Mervân’ı seçen Mu‘tasım-Billâh, geniş yetkiler verdiği vezirin bir süre sonra yüksek miktarda haksız kazanç elde ettiğini öğrenince mallarına el koydu ve onu hapse attırdı (220/835). Yerine Ahmed b. Ammâr el-Horâsânî’yi, kısa bir süre sonra da kendisine ölünceye kadar vezirlik yapacak olan Muhammed b. Abdülmelik İbnü’z-Zeyyât’ı getirdi. İbn Ebû Duâd’ı Me’mûn devrinde olduğu gibi kādılkudâtlık görevinde bıraktı.
Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın Bağdat’a dönmesinin ardından Cibâl, Hemedan ve İsfahan bölgelerinden kalabalık bir grup Hürremiyye hareketine katılarak isyan etti. Halifenin görevlendirdiği Hâşim b. Bâtîcûr’un isyanı bastırmakta başarısız kalması üzerine Bağdat Valisi İshak b. İbrâhim b. Mus‘ab, Cibâl bölgesine vali tayin edilerek bu işle görevlendirildi. Zilkade 218’de (Kasım 833) Bağdat’tan hareket eden İshak b. İbrâhim Hemedan civarında toplanan isyancıların büyük bir kısmını kılıçtan geçirdi (Zilhicce 218 / Aralık 833) ve esirlerle birlikte Bağdat’a döndü (11 Cemâziyelevvel 219 / 24 Mayıs 834). 219 (834) yılında Hz. Ali evlâdından Muhammed b. Kāsım b. Ömer el-Hüseynî hilâfet iddiasıyla Tâlekān’da ayaklandıysa da Horasan Valisi Abdullah b. Tâhir tarafından yakalanarak Bağdat’a gönderildi ve hapse atıldı.
Basra ile Vâsıt arasında yaşayan Hint asıllı Zutlar’ın Me’mûn devrinde olduğu gibi yağmacılık yapmaya devam etmeleri ve bilhassa nehir yoluyla Bağdat’a giden eşya ve erzaka el koymaları yüzünden Mu‘tasım-Billâh, Ahmed b. Saîd el-Bâhilî kumandasında birlikler sevketti. Bunlar başarısız kalınca Uceyf b. Anbese 5000 kişilik bir ordu ile Zutlar’ın üzerine gönderildi. Aylarca süren mücadele sonunda Zutlar teslim olmak zorunda kaldılar. Kadın ve çocuklarla beraber 10 Muharrem 220’de (14 Ocak 835) Bağdat’a getirilen Zutlar, Bizans sınırındaki bazı kalelere gönderildi. Böylece Basra ve çevresinde meydana gelen karışıklıklar önlenmiş oldu.
Me’mûn gibi çeşitli Türk bölgelerinden birlikler getirmeye devam eden ve ordunun büyük bölümünü Türkler’den oluşturan Mu‘tasım-Billâh, 221 (836) yılında Bağdat’ın yaklaşık 100 km. kuzeyinde Sâmerrâ şehrini kurdu ve oğlu Hârûn’u (Vâsiḳ-Billâh) Bağdat’ta vali bırakarak Türk birlikleriyle beraber hilâfet merkezini oraya taşıdı. Bu onun Türkler’e karşı duyduğu güveni açıkça göstermektedir. Böylece Abbâsî tarihinde Sâmerrâ devri başladı. Mu‘tasım’ın desteklediği Türk kumandanları devlet yönetiminde büyük ölçüde söz sahibi oldular. Bu kumandanlar arasında Afşin, Eşnâs et-Türkî, İnâk et-Türkî ve Boğa el-Kebîr en meşhurlarıdır.
Mu‘tasım-Billâh döneminin en önemli başarılarından biri, Azerbaycan’da ciddi tehlike arzeden ve devleti uzun süre uğraştıran Hürremiyye hareketinin lideri Bâbek’in ortadan kaldırılmasıdır. Me’mûn zamanından itibaren bastırılamayan isyanın devlet için tehlikeli bir hal aldığını gören Mu‘tasım-Billâh, 220 (835) yılında Türk kumandanı Afşin’i Cibâl ve Azerbaycan bölgelerine vali tayin ederek isyanı bastırmakla görevlendirdi. Arkasından gönderdiği yardımcı kuvvetlerle Afşin’i destekledi. Bâbek’le iki yıl mücadele eden Afşin, Ramazan 222’de (Ağustos 838) Bâbek’in karargâhı olan Bez şehrini ele geçirdi. Bâbek Bez’den kaçmayı başardıysa da bir süre sonra yakalandı ve Sâmerrâ’ya götürülerek idam edildi (3 Safer 223 / 4 Ocak 838).
Ordunun Bâbek isyanı ile meşgul olmasını fırsat bilen Bizans İmparatoru Theophilos 223 (838) yılında Zibatra’ya (Doğanşehir) saldırarak katliam yaptı ve şehri tahrip etti. Ardından Malatya’yı kuşattı. Bunun üzerine Halife, Afşin’in Azerbaycan’dan dönmesinin ardından büyük bir ordu ile Sâmerrâ’dan bugünkü Afyon Karahisar yakınlarında bulunan Ammûriye’ye (Amorion) hareket etti (2 Cemâziyelevvel 223 / 1 Nisan 838). Halife Tarsus’tan Anadolu’ya geçerken Malatya taraflarından Bizans topraklarına giren Afşin de kuzeye doğru ilerliyordu. İki ordu Ankara’da birleştikten sonra Ammûriye’ye yürünecekti. İmparator Theophilos önce Afşin tehlikesini bertaraf etmek için harekete geçtiyse de Şâban 223’te (Temmuz 838) Kazova’da yapılan savaşta yenilerek İstanbul’a döndü. Halife, Afşin ile Ankara’da buluşarak Ammûriye üzerine yürüdü. Bizans’ın İstanbul’dan sonra ikinci büyük şehri olan Ammûriye 17 Ramazan 223 (12 Ağustos 838) tarihinde fethedildi. Ammûriye’nin fethi İslâm dünyasında büyük coşkuyla karşılanmış ve şiirlere konu olmuştur. Bu zaferi “fethu’l-fütûh” (fetihler fethi) olarak vasıflandıran Ebû Temmâm’ın “es-seyfü asdaku enbâen mine’l-kütüb” diye başlayan kasidesi meşhurdur.
Mu‘tasım döneminde Türkler’in nüfuz sahibi olmasını hazmedemeyen bazı Araplar ve İranlılar, Abbas b. Me’mûn’u halife yapmak için faaliyete geçtiler. Uceyf b. Anbese’nin başını çektiği muhalefet Amr el-Fergānî, Hâris es-Semerkandî ve Ahmed b. Halîl gibi kişilerden oluşmaktaydı. Ayrıca bunlar, Anadolu seferi esnasında Mu‘tasım’ın yanı sıra Afşin ve Eşnâs gibi Türk kumandanların öldürülmesi için bir suikast planı hazırladılarsa da başarılı olamadılar. Ammûriye seferi dönüşünde muhalif grubun teşebbüsü ortaya çıkarılarak elebaşıları tutuklandı. Mu‘tasım, Abbas’ı Afşin’e, Uceyf’i İnâk’a, Ahmed b. Halîl’i de Eşnâs’a teslim etti. Abbas Menbic’de hapiste iken öldü. Amr, Nusaybin’de bir çukura atılarak ölüme terkedildi. Diğerleri de işkence ile öldürüldü (223/838).
Taberistan valisi ve Kārinîler’in lideri Mâzyâr b. Kārin ile bağlı bulunduğu Horasan Valisi Abdullah b. Tâhir’in arasının açılması ve halifenin Abdullah b. Tâhir’in tarafını tutması üzerine Mâzyâr 224 (839) yılında isyan ederek vergiyi göndermedi. Halife ve Abdullah b. Tâhir’in bölgeye ordu sevketmeleri üzerine kardeşi Kûhyâr, Mâzyâr’ı hilâfet ordusuna teslim etti. Mâzyâr’ın sopa cezasının infazı sırasındaki ölümü, kardeşi Kûhyâr’ın da ihanetinden dolayı Deylemli muhafızları tarafından öldürülmesiyle Taberistan’da Kārinîler hânedanı son buldu ve bölge Tâhirîler’in yönetimine geçti.
Mu‘tasım-Billâh devrinde dikkat çeken olaylardan biri de görevden azledileceğini anlayan Afşin’in kayınbiraderi ve Azerbaycan Valisi Mengü Çûr’un isyana kalkışmasıdır. Halife Boğa el-Kebîr’i Mengü Çûr’a karşı gönderdi. Mengü Çûr yakalanıp Sâmerrâ’ya getirildi ve burada hapsedildi (225/840). Öte yandan halife ve ordu nezdinde büyük nüfuzu olan Afşin’in bu durumu bazı devlet adamları arasında kıskançlığa sebep oluyordu. Abdullah b. Tâhir’in tahrikleri sonucu Afşin 225 (840) yılında tevkif edilip yargılandı ve konulduğu hapishanede Şâban 226’da (Haziran 841) öldü. Mu‘tasım-Billâh döneminin sonlarına doğru Emevî ailesinden geldiğini iddia eden Ebû Harb el-Müberka‘ adlı bir kişi Filistin’de isyan etti. İsyanın giderek yayılması üzerine Recâ b. Eyyûb el-Hıdârî kumandasında gönderilen kuvvetler Ebû Harb’i ele geçirdi (227/842).
Mu‘tasım-Billâh 1 Muharrem 227’de (21 Ekim 841) hastalandı ve 18 Rebîülevvel 227 (5 Ocak 842) tarihinde Sâmerrâ’da vefat etti. Yerine oğlu Hârûn, Vâsiḳ-Billâh unvanıyla halife oldu. Mu‘tasım-Billâh kaynaklarda cesur ve iyi kalpli bir hükümdar olarak tanıtılmaktadır. Yeterli bir eğitim görmemiş olmasına rağmen güçlü bir hitabete sahip bulunduğu ve şiir yazdığı belirtilmektedir. Son derece tutumlu olduğundan geride zengin bir hazine bırakmıştır. Abbas b. Abdülmuttalib’in sekizinci kuşaktan torunu ve sekizinci Abbâsî halifesi olması, sekiz yıl sekiz ay halifelik yapması, sekiz erkek ve sekiz kız çocuğunun olması gibi sebeplerle “müsemmen” diye vasıflandırılır. Onun bilhassa Sâmerrâ’daki imar faaliyetleri önemli olup burada yaptırdığı el-Cevsaku’l-Hâkānî meşhurdur. Câhiz, Feżâʾilü’l-Etrâk adlı eserini Mu‘tasım-Billâh zamanında yazmış, ancak çeşitli sebepler yüzünden ona takdim edememiştir. İshak el-Mevsılî, Fergānî ve Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî gibi âlimleri himaye eden Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın kütüphanesinde 10.000 kitap bulunduğu nakledilir. Halifenin oğlu Ahmed’in hocası olan ilk İslâm filozofu Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî Kitâb fi’l-felsefeti’l-ûlâ adlı eserini ona takdim etmiştir.
Me’mûn devrinde Mu‘tezile’nin resmî mezhep olarak kabul edilmesi ve Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğu görüşünü (halku’l-Kur’ân) benimsemeyen âlimlerin sorgulanıp cezalandırılması (mihne) Mu‘tasım-Billâh döneminde de devam etmiştir. Nitekim Me’mûn devrinde hapsedilen Ahmed b. Hanbel Mu‘tasım zamanında Kādılkudât İbn Ebû Duâd’ın tahrikiyle işkenceye tâbi tutulmuş, ancak bir süre sonra serbest bırakılmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 380-382 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.