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MÜZÂRAA Skip to content MÜZÂRAA Ziraî ortaklık anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Müellif: Hüseyin Kayapınar
Sözlükte “toprağa tohum atmak, ekin ekmek” anlamındaki zer‘ kökünden türeyen müzâraa kelimesi, fıkıh terimi olarak tohum ekmek ve mahsulü belli oranda paylaşmak üzere arazi sahibiyle emek sahibi arasında yapılan ziraî ortaklık sözleşmesini ifade eder. Muhâbere, karâh ve hakl terimleri de müzâraa ile eş anlamlıdır; fakat Şâfiîler’e ve bazı Hanbelîler’e göre muhâbere tohum sağlama yükümlülüğünün emek sahibine ait olması durumunu belirtir. Konusu boş tarlaya fidan dikip yetiştirme olan mugārese ile bağ ve bahçenin bakımı ve ürünün yetiştirilmesi olan müsâkāt da müzâraaya benzer arazi-emek ortaklığıdır. Müzâraaya günümüzde Trakya ve Marmara’da yarıcılık, Orta Anadolu’da ortakçılık, Doğu Anadolu’da marabacılık denilmektedir.
Toplumsal bir ihtiyacın ifadesi olan müzâraa uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir. Hadis, fıkıh ve tarih eserlerinde yer alan bilgiler ilk müslüman neslin müzâraaya âşina olduğunu ve bu kapsamdaki uygulamaların İslâmî dönemde sürdüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim muhacirlerin, ensarın kendilerine arazi verme önerisini kabul etmeyip ancak buralarda çalışarak üründen pay alabileceklerini belirtmeleri, hicretten önce müzâraa uygulamasının Medine halkınca bilindiğini ve muhacirler arasında müzâraa yapmayan hemen hiçbir aile bulunmadığı yönündeki rivayet (Buhârî, “Ḥars̱ ve’l-müzâraʿa”, 8) o dönemde bu uygulamanın yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir. Muâz b. Cebel de gittiği Yemen’de müzâraa uygulamasına tanık olmuş ve buna müdahale etmemiştir. Yine müzâraa vb. işlemlerin meşruiyet delilleri arasında zikredilen, Hz. Peygamber’in Hayber topraklarını işletmek için eski sahipleriyle yaptığı anlaşmanın uygulanmasına Hz. Ömer’in hilâfet yıllarına kadar devam edilmiş, sahâbe ve tâbiîn devirlerinde de bu tür uygulamalar ülkenin pek çok yerinde sürdürülmüştür (örnekler için bk. Yahyâ b. Âdem, s. 38; İbn Zencûye, II, 634; Tahâvî, IV, 114, 115; İbn Hazm, VIII, 215-216; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, V, 7, 9; Şevkânî, V, 308).
Bu delilleri dikkate alan fukaha çoğunluğu müzâraanın meşruiyetini kabul etmekle birlikte bazı fakihler müzâraa, muhâbere veya bir ücret karşılığında araziyi kiraya vermeyi meneden, arazisi olanın bizzat kendisinin ekmesini, ekmeyecekse din kardeşine karşılıksız vermesini emreden hadislerle bunları rivayet eden ashabın uygulamasını (Buhârî, “Ḥars̱ ve’l-müzâraʿa”, 18; Müslim, “Büyûʿ”, 114; İbn Mâce, “Rühûn”, 7, 10; Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 30-31; Nesâî, “Eymân”, 45) delil gösterip müzâraayı câiz görmemişlerdir. Ebû Hanîfe ve Züfer bu grupta yer aldığı gibi kaynaklarda Râfi‘ b. Hadîc, Mesrûk b. Ecda‘, Nâfi‘, Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Saîd b. Cübeyr, Şa‘bî, Mücâhid b. Cebr, İkrime el-Berberî gibi sahâbe ve tâbiîn âlimlerinin de müzâraayı câiz görmediği veya mekruh saydığı belirtilir. Hanefî mezhebinde çoğunluğun görüşüyle birleşen Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin ictihadı esas alınmış, Mecelle de bu doğrultuda düzenlenmiştir (md. 1431-1440). Mâlikî mezhebinde müzâraa câiz görülmekle birlikte Mâlik b. Enes’in buna ancak müsâkāta tâbi olarak cevaz verdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Fakat ona göre ağaçlar arasında bulunan boş alanların ekilip biçilmesinin müsâkāta eklenebilmesi için belirtilen alanların ağaca tâbi bulunması, ağaçların yerinin daha fazla olması ve ekilecek kısmın bahçenin üçte birini aşmaması gerekir. Bahçesini müsâkāt akdiyle ortakçılığa veren mülk sahibinin bu kısımlarda kendi adına ziraat yapmayı şart koşması câiz değildir (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ, “Müsâḳāt”, 2; İbnü’l-Cellâb, II, 202-203; İbn Rüşd, IV, 35; Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Haraşî, VI, 63-68, 229-234; Mv.F, XXXVII, 50, 51-52, 65-66). Şâfiîler’de de tek başına müzâraa akdi câiz görülmeyip ancak müsâkāta tâbi olarak yapılabilir. Müsâkāt da hurmalık ve üzüm bağıyla sınırlı bulunduğundan müzâraa sadece buralardaki boş alanlar hakkında söz konusu olabilir; fakat müzâraadaki işletmecinin (âmil) müsâkāttaki ile aynı olması, iki akdin birlikte yapılması ve ziraat alanlarının ayırt edilmesinde güçlük bulunması, ayrıca mezhepteki bir görüşe göre boş alanın ağaçlı kısımdan daha fazla olması şarttır (Şemseddin er-Remlî, V, 245-248; Bilmen, VII, 132; Mv.F, XXXVII, 52, 61). Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen bir rivayete ve Hanbelî mezhebinde genelde kabul edilen görüşe göre müzâraa ancak tohumun tarla sahibi tarafından verilmesi durumunda geçerli olur; İbn Hanbel’den gelen diğer bir rivayetten tohumun emek sahibince temini halinde de geçerli olacağı anlaşılmaktadır (Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, V, 589-590).
Mahiyeti açısından müzâraanın şirket veya kira sayılması yönünde iki temel yaklaşım bulunmakta ve sıhhat şartları bu nitelendirmeye göre farklılık göstermektedir. Mecelle’de müzâraa şirketler bölümünde işlenmiş ve bir şirket türü olarak nitelendirilmiştir (md. 1431). Mâlikî ve Ca‘ferî mezheplerine mensup âlimlerin çoğunluğu, İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye de müzâraayı şirket kabul eder. Hatta Mâlikîler, müzâraa akdinin sıhhatini onun şirket olmasına ve şirket şartlarını taşımasına bağlar. Müzâraayı şirket olarak kabul edenler, tarafların alacaklarının kesin ve belirli olmayıp çıkacak üründen karşılanması, ürün elde edilememesi halinde çiftçinin ücret alamaması gibi şirketlere mahsus hükümlerin varlığından hareket etmişlerdir. Bazı Hanefî ve Hanbelî hukukçuları ise müzâraayı icâre diye niteler. Ebû Hanîfe’nin müzâraayı câiz görmemesinin temelinde de onu icâre olarak nitelemesi, dolayısıyla ücretin belli olmaması hususu yatmaktadır. Serahsî de icârenin lâzım (bağlayıcı), şirketin ise gayri lâzım oluşuna bakarak müzâraa ve müsâkātı icâre diye niteler. Yine Hanbelîler’den Ebü’l-Hattâb ve çağdaş hukukçulardan Abdürrezzâk es-Senhûrî müzâraayı icâre olarak kabul edenlerdendir. Ebû Yûsuf, Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc’ın bir yerinde müzâraanın cevazını bir şirket çeşidi olan mudârebeye benzeterek savunduğu halde (s. 219) başka bir yerde (s. 218) müzâraa ve müsâkāt akidlerini “çıplak veya hurmalı yahut ağaçlı arazinin kiralanması” başlığı altında işlemektedir. Özellikle Hanefîler arasında yaygın olan, Mâlikîler’den İbn Mâcişûn ve Sahnûn tarafından da benimsenen üçüncü bir görüşe göre ise müzâraa başlangıçta icâre olarak kurulur, ardından şirkete dönüşür. Bu yaklaşıma göre müzâraanın unsurları hem kira hem şirket mantığına uygun biçimde düzenlenmelidir. Türk hukukunda müzâraa ve müsâkāt akdinin karşılığı “iştirakli kira” olup bunu bir kira işletmesi şeklinde değerlendirmenin gerekçesi yarıcılıkta çalışmayı sadece yarıcının yapması ve işletmeyi onun yürütmesidir; bir işletmenin şirket olarak değerlendirilebilmesi için ortak işletme teşebbüsünün bulunması gerekir (Tunçomağ, II, 357).
Arazi sahibiyle emek sahibi müzâraanın taraflarını oluşturur. İvazlı akid yapma ehliyetine sahip tarafların karşılıklı irade beyanıyla müzâraa kurulur. Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre arazi sahipliğinde rakabe mülkiyeti şart olmayıp kiralama yoluyla toprağın menfaatine sahip olan kişi de bu arazi üzerinde müzâraa yapabilir (Mv.F, XXXVII, 59). Kuruluşunun bir şarta bağlanması veya ürün ortaklığı anlayışını zedeleyecek şartlar eklenmesi müzâraayı fâsid kılar. Ürün paylaşımının oran olarak değil maktû şekilde belirlenmesi, âmilin payının tarlanın belli bir yerinden yahut başka bir tarladan verileceğinin ya da para veya başka bir mal şeklinde karşılanacağının kararlaştırılması böyledir. Kuyudan sulaması halinde ürünün yarısı, akarsu ile sulaması halinde üçte biri gibi emeğin çeşidine göre âmile farklı paylar takdir edilmesi ise Hanefîler’e göre câizdir. Arazi mudârebedeki sermaye mesabesindedir. Müzâraanın sıhhati için arazinin belli, ekime ve âmile teslime elverişli olması gerekir. Arazi üzerinde üçüncü kişilerin hakkının bulunması durumunda akid askıda kalır, geçerlilik kazanıp yürürlüğe girmesi ilgilinin iznine bağlıdır. Şâfiî’ye ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen meşhur rivayete göre tohumun tarla sahibince verilmesi icap eder, aksi takdirde müzâraa değil muhâbere söz konusu olur; bazı Hanefî müellifleri de tohumu veren tarafa göre müzâraa ile muhâbere terimlerini ayırt ederler. Hanefîler’e göre tohumu hangi tarafın vereceği ya sözleşme sırasında veya örfen belirlenir, aksi takdirde müzâraa fâsid olur. Tohumun emek sahibince temini halinde ya taraflarca tohumun cinsi tesbit edilmiş veya âmil arazi sahibinden dilediğini ekme müsaadesini almış olmalıdır. Tohumu arazi sahibinin vermesi durumunda ise ne ekileceği hususu zaten ihtilâfa kapalıdır. Akid muayyen bir tohumu ekmesi şartıyla kurulmuşsa âmilin buna riayet etmesi gerekir (Serahsî, XXIII, 87). Hanefîler’de tohumun ortaklaşa temini câiz görülmezken Mâlikîler’de ve Hanbelîler’de bazı şartlarla buna cevaz verilir. Tarlanın gübrelenmesi Hanefîler’e göre hisseleri nisbetinde iki tarafın ortak görevi, Hanbelîler’e göre gübrenin temini mülk sahibinin ve serpilmesi âmilin vazifesi sayılırken Şâfiîler’de örf gereği âmilin görevleri arasında kabul edilmektedir. Müsâkāttan farklı olarak sürenin belirlenmesi müzâraanın geçerlilik şartlarındandır.
Müzâraa ile taraflar arasında oluşan borç ilişkisi akde, akidde açıklık bulunmaması durumunda örf ve âdete göre yorumlanır. Müzâraa akdi öncelikle tarla sahibine araziyi âmile teslim etme borcu yükler. Zira diğer bütün borçların doğumu buna bağlıdır. Teslim âmilin işe başlamasına fırsat verecek tarzda olmalıdır. Âmilin çalışmasını engelleyen bir şey yoksa teslim için söz yeterlidir. Âmilin temel borcu teslim edilen araziyi işlemektir ve bu kapsama giren zorunlu bütün işlerden sorumludur. Tâli işlerden sorumlu olması sözleşmede şart koşulmasına bağlıdır. Ürünün yetişme veya artmasına yönelik bakım ve koruma türünden olup tarla için her yıl tekrarlanan işleri yapmakla yükümlü olan âmil kuyu kazmak, kanal açmak gibi tarlaya kalıcı yarar sağlayan işlerden mesul değildir. Suyun yerden çıkarılması ve tarlaya nakledilmesi için gerekli olan malzeme ve enerjinin Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre tarla sahibi tarafından temin edilmesi gerekir, çünkü bunlar iş cinsinden değildir. Hanefîler’e göre sulamak âmilin görevi olduğuna göre aletler de onun tarafından sağlanmalıdır. Ancak tohumu tarla sahibi vermişse su dolabı ve kova gibi aletlerin tarla sahibince verilmesini şart koşmak câizdir.
Müzâraada âmil emîn konumunda ve elindeki ürünler emanet hükmünde olduğundan ihmal ve kusuru olmaksızın meydana gelen kayıplardan sorumlu değildir. Âmilin -yapılması gereken işi geciktirme gibi- ihmali sürekli olmayıp geçiciyse ve bu gecikme örfen mûtatsa zararı tazmin etmesi gerekmez; mûtadı aşan gecikme tazmini gerektirir. Mâlikîler’e göre de âmil, şart koşulan veya örfen yapması gereken bir işi yapmazsa bu yüzden oluşacak ürün kaybını tazmin eder. Ca‘ferîler’e göre ise âmil görevi olan işleri özürlü yahut özürsüz ihmal ederse tarla sahibi akdi feshetmek veya ücretini âmilin payından ödemek üzere işleri yapacak birini tutmak arasında muhayyerdir. Âmil arazinin bir kısmını boş bırakırsa bundan doğan zararı arazinin o kısmının ecr-i misl kirasını ödemek suretiyle tazmin eder. Müzâraanın gerektirdiği işlerin bizzat âmil ve onun denetimindeki kişiler tarafından görülmesi esastır. Müzâraanın devri mezhepler arasında ihtilâflı bir konu olup Hanefîler’e göre tohumu tarla sahibi vermişse başkasına devir için onun izni gerekir, âmil temin etmişse gerekmez. İmam Mâlik’e göre arazi sahibi izin versin vermesin âmilin burayı güvenilir birine yarıcılığa vermesi câizdir. Şâfiî mezhebinde sözleşme sırasında bizzat işlemesi şart koşulmamışsa âmilin toprak sahibinin iznini almaksızın başkasına müzâraaya verebileceği kabul edilir. Hanbelî mezhebinde Hanefîler’inkine yakın bir anlayış benimsenmiş olup arazi sahibinin rızası esas alınır.
Öşür Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre arazinin menfaatinin vergisi olduğu için bunu arazinin menfaatine sahip olan veya bu menfaatin bedelini alan kişi öder; bu sebeple kiraya verilmiş tarlanın öşrünü ödemek tarla sahibinin görevidir (Serahsî, III, 5). Cumhura göre ise öşür araziden alınan ürünün vergisi olduğundan ister mâlik ister kiracı olsun ürünü kim alırsa öşür onun borcudur. Buradan hareketle ortaklık yoluyla işletilen bir öşrî arazinin öşrünün Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre tarla sahibince, diğer fakihlere göre arazi sahibi ile âmil tarafından müştereken verilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır (değişik kaynaklardaki ifadelerin değerlendirilmesi için bk. Kayapınar, s. 197).
Cumhura göre müzâraada payın hak edilmesi sahih akdin bir sonucudur; akdin fâsid olması durumunda ise kuruluşta öngörülen şartlar etkisiz kaldığı ve tohum asıl mal konumunda bulunduğu için tarafların hakları tohumu verene göre belirlenir. Tohumu veren taraf çıkan ürünü, diğer taraf da emeği veya mülkü karşılığında ecr-i misl alır. Mecelle’de (md. 1439) düzenleme bu yönde yapılmıştır. Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre ecr-i misl ecr-i müsemmâyı aşamaz. İmam Muhammed’e göre ise ecr-i misl sözleşme yapılırken şart koşulan orana bakılmaksızın takdir edilir. Hatta ürün olsa da olmasa da tohumu vermeyen taraf ecr-i misl alır. Tohumu arazi sahibiyle âmil birlikte karşılamışsa çıkan ürün tohumları nisbetinde paylaşılır. Ancak âmil tarlanın yarı kira bedelini, tarla sahibi de âmilin emeğinin yarı ücretini öder. Bu durumda tarla sahibinin eline geçen ürünün tamamı kendisi için helâldir. Âmil ise tohumunu, masrafını ve emeğinin karşılığını aldıktan sonra artanı tasadduk eder. Müzâraa akdini mutlak olarak lâzım veya gayri lâzım diye niteleyenler bulunduğu gibi ekim öncesi ve sonrası arasında ayırım yaparak, yine tohumun hangi tarafça sağlandığına bakarak değerlendirme yapanlar da vardır. Bazı Hanbelîler, Mâlikîler’den İbnü’l-Mâcişûn ve Sahnûn ile Ca‘ferîler’e göre müzâraa iki taraf açısından da bağlayıcıdır. Diğer Mâlikîler’le Zâhirîler’e göre tarlaya tohum ekilmeden önce gayri lâzım, ekildikten sonra lâzımdır. Hanefîler’e göre tohum ekilmeden önce tohumu verecek taraf açısından gayri lâzım, diğeri açısından lâzımdır; tohum ekildikten sonra ise her ikisi açısından lâzım hale gelir. Ahmed b. Hanbel’e ve Hanbelî mezhebindeki hâkim kanaate göre tohum ekilmiş bile olsa her iki taraf açısından gayri lâzımdır. Akid kendisi açısından bağlayıcı sayılmayan tarafın münferit iradesiyle müzâraa feshedilebilir. Bağlayıcılığın söz konusu olduğu durumlarda ancak tarafların akdi feshetme konusunda anlaşması veya meşrû mazerete binaen tek taraflı fesih yoluyla akde son verilebilir. Âmilin hastalanması, acze düşmesi, başka yere göçmesi gibi durumlar genellikle meşrû mazeret sayılmıştır. Hanbelîler’de hastalık halinde âmile yardımcı olmak üzere bir eleman verilmesi gerektiği yönünde de görüş vardır. Hanefîler’e göre ekin ekilmeden veya ekilmiş olsa bile henüz bitmeden mevcut olan bir borç sebebiyle ve başka malı da bulunmadığı için arazisini satmak zorunda kalması arazi sahibi bakımından meşrû bir fesih sebebidir. Mâlikîler, arazi sahibi iflâs etse de âmil kabul etmedikçe müzâraanın feshedilemeyeceği kanaatindedir. Ca‘ferîler’e göre borç sebebiyle de olsa müzâraa hiçbir şekilde tek taraflı feshedilemez. Hanefîler, âmilin hırsızlık gibi ortaklığa ihanet niteliğindeki fiillerini arazi sahibi açısından geçerli fesih sebebi sayarlar. Şâfiîler ve Hanbelîler ise bu gibi durumlarda hâkimin alacağı bazı tedbirlerle akdin sürdürülmesine yönelik çözümler üretmişlerdir. Müzâraanın geçerli bir sebeple feshinde izlenecek usul kaynaklarda özel olarak incelenmemekle birlikte kiranın feshine kıyasla bu konuda genel kabul gören görüş şöyle ifade edilebilir: Fesih hakkı fesih sebebinin açık olduğu durumlarda ilgili tarafça doğrudan, bu sebebin değerlendirmeye açık bulunduğu durumlarda ise ancak mahkeme kararıyla kullanılabilir.
Kararlaştırılan sürenin dolması veya örf gereği tarım mevsiminin sona ermesiyle müzâraa infisah eder. Bu durumda ürün henüz olgunlaşmamışsa olgunlaşıncaya kadar tarlada kalır; fakat o andan itibaren arazi sahibi âmilin emeği, âmil de tarla üzerinde hak sahibi sayılmadığından taraflar geri kalan süre için üründeki payı nisbetinde tarlanın kirasını veya âmilin emeğinin karşılığını yekdiğerine vermek zorundadır. İstihkak durumunda, yani arazinin başkasına ait olduğu anlaşılıp asıl sahibince zaptedilmesi halinde de akid infisah eder. Ekim öncesi istihkak durumunda tazmin söz konusu değildir. Ekim sonrasında tarlanın gerçek sahibi ekinlerin sökülmesini isterse tohumun diğer tarafça verilmiş olması halinde âmil dilerse ekinin yarısını olduğu şekliyle biçip alır, dilerse ekinin o günkü değerinin yarısını ortağına tazmin ettirir. Tohumu âmil sağlamışsa sökülen ekinin yarısını alabileceği gibi ekinin tamamını ortağına bırakıp kendi payını kıymetiyle tazmin etmesini de isteyebilir. Mâlikîler’e göre istihkak halinde asıl mâlik isterse bahçesini alıp ürünü sahiplenir ve âmile o âna kadar yaptığı işlerin ücretini verir, isterse sözleşmede tarla sahibi konumuna geçerek eski şartlarla ortaklığı sürdürür. Bütün ürünün semavî bir âfetle telef olması da müzâraanın infisah sebeplerindendir. Hanefîler’e göre taraflardan birinin ölümü halinde kira akdinde olduğu gibi müzâraanın da infisah ettiği kabul edilir; ancak ekim yapıldıktan sonra ve ekin henüz yeşilken taraflardan biri ölürse vârisleri işe devam edebilir, bu durumda diğer taraf ekin yetişinceye kadar akdi bozamaz (bu konudaki değişik ihtimaller ve görüşler için bk. Ali Haydar, III, 771-773). Şâfiî ve Mâlikîler’le Hanbelîler’den müzâraa ve müsâkātı bağlayıcı sayanlara göre ürünün hangi aşamasında olursa olsun sözleşme süresi dolmamışsa bahçe sahibinin ölmesi müzâraanın devamına engel değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 234-236 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.