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NAHCIVAN Skip to content Azerbaycan’da tarihî bir şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu özerk cumhuriyet.
Aras nehrinin sol kolu olan Nahcıvançay’ın sağ kıyısında deniz seviyesinden 910 m. yükseklikte kurulmuştur. Nahcıvan’ın ne zaman kurulduğu ve kimler tarafından iskân edildiği hakkında kesin bilgi yoktur. Efsaneler ve halk rivayetlerinde burası Nûh’un gemisinin durağı olarak tasvir edilir. Şehrin adının geçtiği ilk kaynak II. yüzyılda kaleme alınmış olan Batlamyus’un coğrafya kitabıdır. Bu eserde şehrin adı Naksuana şeklinde geçer. Ermeni tarihçileri Horenli Moses ve Faustos Buzand milâttan önce VI. yüzyıl olaylarını anlatırken Nahcıvan bölgesinden bahsederler. Sâsânî paralarında şehrin adı Naḫç olarak yazılmıştır (VI. yüzyıl). IX-X. yüzyıllarda Belâzürî, İbn Hurdâzbih, İbn Rüste ve İstahrî gibi coğrafyacılar burayı Neşevâ adıyla anmışlardır. Bu eserlerde şehrin Sâsânîler tarafından kurulduğu belirtilir. XII. yüzyıldan itibaren şehrin adı bugünkü söylenişini kazanmış görünmektedir. XIII-XVII. yüzyıl yazarlarından Reşîdüddin Fazlullah-ı Hemedânî, Hamdullah el-Müstevfî, Mîrhând, Şeref Han Bitlisî, Kâtib Çelebi burayı Nehcevan; Hasan-ı Rûmlû, İskender Bey Münşî Nehçevan; Yâkūt el-Hamevî Nahcuvân, Nakcuvân, Neşevâ; Abdürreşîd el-Bakuvî ve Müneccimbaşı Nakcuvan şeklinde kaydetmişlerdir. Hamdullah el-Müstevfî ve Evliya Çelebi şehrin adını Nakş-i Cihân (dünyanın süsü) olarak açıklamışlardır. Evliya Çelebi burayı Turan Hükümdarı Efrâsiyâb’ın kurduğunu yazar. Bununla birlikte gerek kuruluşuna gerekse adının etimolojisine dair kesin bir fikir yoktur.
Tarihi milâttan önceki yüzyıllara inen Nahcıvan bir süre bölgede hüküm süren Manna, Med, Makedonya, Pers, Atropatene ve Roma gibi devletlerin hâkimiyetinde kalmıştır. Milâttan sonra III. yüzyılda Sâsânîler’in eline geçen Nahcıvan bu dönemde Sâsânî merzübânlarının bulunduğu kale-şehir durumundaydı ve Sâsânîler’le Roma İmparatorluğu arasında devam eden savaşların merkezinde bulunuyordu. 283’te Roma İmparatorluğu ile Sâsânî Devleti arasında imzalanan antlaşma gereğince Roma İmparatorluğu’nun idaresine geçti. 387’deki antlaşmaya göre tekrar Sâsânî Devleti’ne katıldı. Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun Sâsânîler’le VII. yüzyılda yaptığı savaşlardan etkilendi ve bir ara yeniden Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nun idaresine girdi.
Nahcıvan, Hz. Osman devrinde İslâm ordularının Kafkasya’ya yönelik askerî harekâtı sırasında Habîb b. Mesleme tarafından fethedildi ve haraca bağlandı. Araplar’ın burada Bizanslılar’la yaptığı savaşlar şehrin içtimaî ve ticarî hayatını olumsuz şekilde etkiledi. Araplar’ın idaresine geçtikten sonra Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ın İrmîniye ve Azerbaycan Valisi Abdülazîz b. Hâtim el-Bâhilî gibi yöneticiler döneminde esaslı şekilde onarım gördü ve etrafına Arap aşiretleri yerleştirildi. IX. yüzyılın başlarında burası Abbâsî hilâfetine karşı isyan eden Bâbek’in etki alanı içinde bulunuyordu.
IX. yüzyılın sonlarında Abbâsî hilâfetinin zayıflamasıyla şehir Sâcoğulları’nın hâkimiyetine girdi. 940’lı yıllardan başlayarak kırk yıl süre ile Müsâfirîler (Sellârîler) Devleti’ne dahil oldu. Ardından burada müstakil bir idare tesis edildi. Nahcıvan şahlığı denilen bu devlet Arap asıllı Dülefîler tarafından kurulmuştu. 456’da (1064) Revvâdîler’i mağlûp eden Selçuklu Hükümdarı Alparslan Nahcıvan şahlığına son verdi. 485’te (1092) Melikşah’ın ölümünün ardından bir süre daha Selçuklu Devleti’ne bağlı kaldıysa da Selçuklular’ın dağılmasıyla onların arazileri üzerinde ortaya çıkan İldenizliler Devleti’ne katıldı ve 570 (1174) yılına kadar İldenizliler’in merkezi oldu. Aynı zamanda hem askerî hem ilmî merkez haline geldi ve Azerbaycan şehirleri içerisinde en gelişmişleri arasına girdi. Nahcıvan’ın gerilemesi Moğollar’ın 618’de (1221) burayı ele geçirmesinden sonra başladı. Moğollar şehirde büyük katliam yaptılar, tahribatta bulundular. Bunun izleri uzun süre devam etti. İlhanlı Hükümdarı Gāzân Han devrinde biraz toparlandı. Ebû Said Bahadır Han’ın ölümünün ardından çeşitli dönemlerde Çûbânîler, Cuciler, Celâyirliler ve Muzafferîler gibi devletlerin idaresinde kaldı. 788’de (1386) Altın Orda Hükümdarı Toktamış Han Nahcıvan’ı ele geçirdiyse de isyanlardan dolayı kısa süre sonra burayı terketti. 789’da (1387) şehir Timur tarafından zaptedildi. 815’e (1412) kadar defalarca Timurlular ile Celâyirliler arasında el değiştirdi ve ağır tahribata uğradı. Bu son tarihte Karakoyunlu Devleti sınırına dahil edildi. 832-839 (1429-1435) yıllarında yeniden Timurlular’ın idaresine geçti. 839-873 (1435-1468) tarihlerinde Karakoyunlular’ın hâkimiyeti altındaydı, XV. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar Akkoyunlular’ın idaresinde kaldı. Safevî Devleti’nin ortaya çıkışı sırasında 907’de (1501) Şerur adlı yerde Akkoyunlular’la Safevîler arasında yapılan savaştan sonra burada Safevî hâkimiyeti kuruldu.
920 (1514) yılına kadar Safevîler’in elinde kalan Nahcıvan, Çaldıran yenilgisinden sonra Yavuz Sultan Selim’in emriyle halkının “kızılbaş” olmasından dolayı yağmalandı. Ardından terkedildi ve burada yeniden Safevî idaresi kuruldu. Şehir ve yöresi 1530’lu yıllardan itibaren baş gösteren Osmanlı-Safevî çatışmasından etkilendi, kısa aralıklarla Osmanlı idaresi altına girdi. 941’de (1534) ve 955’te (1548) Osmanlılar’ın yaptığı İran seferleri esnasında Nahcıvan yeniden kısa süre için Osmanlılar’a bağlandı. 960 (1553) yılında Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın çıktığı üçüncü İran seferinin hedefi ise doğrudan Nahcıvan oldu. Osmanlı kaynaklarında “Nahcıvan seferi” adıyla bilinen ve Safevîler’in daha önce yaptıkları tahribatın öcünü almak, onları barışa zorlamak için intikam amacıyla yapıldığı belirtilen sefer sırasında şehir ele geçirildi ve yağmalanıp tahrip edildi. 986’da (1578) yeniden başlayan Osmanlı-Safevî mücadelesinde Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti ve şehirde ilk defa kalıcı şekilde Osmanlı idaresi kuruldu; stratejik önemi dolayısıyla esaslı şekilde güçlendirildi. 1012’de (1603) Safevî Hükümdarı Şah Abbas Nahcıvan’ı Osmanlılar’dan geri aldı. İki yıl sonra Osmanlılar Safevîler’le tekrar savaşa başladıklarından Şah Abbas, Nahcıvan ve diğer şehirlerin nüfusunu toplu şekilde sürme, evlerini ve tarlalarını yakma emri verdi. Bundan dolayı Nahcıvan’ı ele geçiren Osmanlılar burada tutunamadı. IV. Murad’ın Revan seferi esnasında Osmanlılar yeniden Nahcıvan’a girdiler (1045/1635) ve kısa bir süre kalıp geri çekildiler.
XVIII. yüzyılda Safevî Devleti dağılmaya başladığında Rusya ve Osmanlı Devleti birbirlerinin burada yerleşmesine engel olmak amacıyla Safevîler’e karşı askerî harekete girişti. 1136-1137’de (1723-1724) Kafkasya bölgesi Rusya ve Osmanlı Devleti tarafından zaptedildi ve Şevval 1136’da (Temmuz 1724) İstanbul’da imzalanan antlaşmaya göre Safevîler’in Hazar denizi bölgesi Rusya’ya, Tiflis, Revan, Gence-Karabağ, Tebriz, Erdebil eyaletleri Osmanlı Devleti’ne verildi. Safevî Şahı Sultan Hüseyin bu antlaşmayı reddedince Osmanlılar adı geçen eyaletleri ele geçirdi. Nahcıvan da Nahcıvan sancağının merkezi olarak 1724-1735 yıllarında Osmanlı idaresinde kaldı.
1149’da (1736) Nâdir Şah, Nahcıvan’ı Kuzey ve Güney Azerbaycan topraklarını içine alan Azerbaycan eyaletinin şehri olarak I. Abbas devrinde olduğu gibi Kengerli ulusunun ileri gelenlerinin idaresine verdi. Nâdir Şah’ın ölümünden sonra Nahcıvan şehri bu dönemde ortaya çıkan Nahcıvan Hanlığı’nın Rusya’ya ilhakına kadar (1828) bu hanlığın merkezi oldu. Gerek ekonomisinin gelişmişliği gerekse askerî gücü bakımından diğer hanlıklardan farklı durumda bulunmayan Nahcıvan Hanlığı komşu Karabağ Hanlığı ile askerî-siyasî birlik içindeydi. 1780’li yıllarda Nahcıvan Hanlığı Hoy, Karabağ, Revan ve Kartli-Kahet hanlıklarının saldırılarına uğradı. 1787-1820 arasında Nahcıvan Hanlığı ve onun merkezindeki siyasî durum, 1795-1797 yıllarında Kaçar Devleti’nin kurucusu Ağa Muhammed Şah’ın saldırıları sonucu bozuldu ve Nahcıvan şehri ciddi şekilde tahribata uğradı. Bağımsız bir hanlık iken 1797’den başlayarak Rusya’nın ilhakına kadar İran’a bağımlı hale geldi, Nahcıvan şehri de İran’ın şehirlerinden biri oldu; hanlık ise yine Kengerli ulusunun ileri gelenleri tarafından idare edildi. Bu dönemde Nahcıvan Hanlığı, Nahcıvan ve Ordubâd olmak üzere iki ana idarî birime (tümen) ayrılmış, Nahcıvan şehri hanlığın ve Nahcıvan tümeninin merkezi olmuştu. 1826-1828 yıllarındaki Rus-İran savaşı neticesinde Ruslar’ın hâkimiyetine girdi.
Şubat 1917 Bolşevik İhtilâli’nden sonra Rusya’nın eyaletlerinde bağımsızlık mücadelesi yeni bir safhaya girince Nahcıvan’da iktidar Bolşevikler ile Menşevikler arasında paylaştırıldı. 1917 yılı sonları ve 1918 yılı başlarında Bolşevik-Menşevik iktidar mücadelesi sürdü. Bu dönemde Kafkasya cephesinden geri çekilen Rus ordusunun bıraktığı silâhları ele geçiren Ermeniler toprak iddialarından dolayı Nahcıvan’da soykırımına başladılar. Mayıs 1918’de Azerbaycan bağımsızlığını ilân ettikten sonra Nahcıvan’a giren Osmanlı ordusu Ermeniler’in tertiplediği soykırımı önledi. Osmanlılar burada Nahcıvan merkez olmak üzere Aras Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasına yardım etti. Nahcıvan hanlarının neslinden olanların yönettiği Aras Cumhuriyeti Nahcıvan, Şerûr-Dereleyez kazaları, Ordubâd, Culfa, Megri, Vedibasar, Kamerli şehirlerini içine alıyordu. Askerî yardım amacıyla ordu albayı Halil Bey’in başkanlığında beş subay ve 300’den fazla er emekliye ayrılıp çeşitli meslek sahibi olarak Aras Cumhuriyeti’nin ayrı ayrı bölgelerine yerleştirildi. 1919 yılı başlarında Nahcıvan bölgesine giren İngilizler, Aras Cumhuriyeti’ni feshettiler ve onun temsilciler kurumunu dağıttılar. İngilizler sadece Nahcıvan şehriyle demiryolu hattını kontrol edebildiler. Ordu karargâhı ise Nahcıvan şehri civarında bulunuyordu. Nahcıvan bölgesinin çeşitli yerlerinde İngilizler aleyhinde gösteriler düzenlendi. 1919 yılı yazında İngilizler Nahcıvan’dan ayrıldı.
Ardından Nahcıvan’a Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ordusu girdi. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hükümeti temsilciliği Nahcıvan’da yönetimi tam anlamıyla ele geçirmek için yerli milliyetçiler, musâvatçılar, Taşnaklar ve Türkiye temsilcisi Halil Bey ile Nahcıvan’ın statüsü üzerine görüşmeler yaptı. Durumu kuvvetlenen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan hükümetlerine Nahcıvan ve Şerûr-Dereleyez kazalarından oluşan bir bölge valiliği kurup başına bir Amerika Birleşik Devletleri vatandaşının getirileceğini bildirdi. Fakat Nahcıvanlılar buna karşı çıktı. Siyasî istikrarı bozmak için Amerika Birleşik Devletleri temsilcileri Taşnaklar’la iş birliği yaptı. 1919 sonlarında bölgede Türkler’e yönelik büyük bir katliama girişildi. Mart 1920’de Türk ordusu Nahcıvan’a girerek buna son verdi. Yerli komünistlerin desteğini sağlayan XI. Kızılordu 28 Temmuz 1920’de Nahcıvan’a girip komünistleri iktidara getirdi ve Nahcıvan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’ni kurdu. 1921’de Kars’ta Rusya hükümeti temsilcisinin de katıldığı kongrede Türkiye ve Kafkasya cumhuriyetlerinin imzaladığı antlaşma ile Nahcıvan, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri’nin özerk kısmı olarak tanındı. 9 Şubat 1924’te Nahcıvan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri, Azerbaycan’ın içinde Nahcıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti statüsü aldı. 1991’de bağımsızlığını ilân eden Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti’nin Kasım 1995’te kabul edilmiş anayasasına göre Nahcıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti’ne tâbi özerk bir devlet, Nahcıvan şehri de onun başşehridir.
Ne zaman ve kimler tarafından yapıldığı bilinmeyen Nahcıvan Kalesi hakkında kaynaklardaki ilk bilgiler 625’te Bizanslılar ile Sâsânîler arasındaki savaşlar dolayısıyla geçer. XIII. yüzyıla kadar şehir-kale durumunda kalan Nahcıvan bu dönemde kale ve ribâttan oluşuyordu. Nahcıvan şehir olarak İldenizliler devrinde önemli bir gelişme göstermiş, saray, cami ve türbelerle süslenmişti. İldenizliler zamanında onarım gören Nahcıvan, Moğollar’ın saldırısı sonucu ciddi şekilde tahribata uğramış ve bu durum XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına Osmanlılar dönemine kadar sürmüştür. Nahcıvan’ın Osmanlılar tarafından ele geçirilmesinin ardından burada kuvvetli bir kale inşa edilmesi emri verilmiş, Receb 997 (Mayıs 1589) tarihinde Nahcıvan ahalisi evlerini yıkıp taşlarını kale inşası için kullanmıştır. Hanlık ve Rusya idaresi döneminde Nahcıvan’da kale olmasına rağmen 1828 yılından sonra taşra şehrine dönüştürülmüş, kale tahrip edilmiş ve zamanla yıkılıp gitmiştir.
Nahcıvan şehrinin fizikî durumu hakkında en dikkat çekici bilgi Osmanlı tahrir kayıtlarında yer alır. Buna göre XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında Nahcıvan’da Mirzabey (Câmi), Künbed (Nûr-i Kemanlar), Gāzî-i Cihân (Hoca Mirikan), Seyyid Hüseyin, Molla Ahmed, Şahab, Bala, Hocabey, Tizhiran ve Hızmerek mahalleleri mevcuttu. Bu durum şehrin fizikî açıdan 1560’lı yıllardan itibaren yeniden toparlandığını gösterir. 1727 tarihli Nahcıvan sancağı mufassal defterine göre şehir mahalleleri Yukarı ve Aşağı mahalle şeklinde belirtilmişti. XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında burada Şahab, Sarbanlar, Alihan ve Kurdlar; Rusya’nın ilhakının ardından Şahab, Sarbanlar, Kale, Köhnekale, Oruç, Bilici, Hoşulu, Çaparhâne, Tezekend, Ziyilarh ve Ermeni adlı mahalleler vardı. Bunlardan Ermeni mahallesi 1828 yılından itibaren buraya yerleştirilen Ermeniler’den oluşuyordu. Bu dönemde şehirde üç kervansaray ve üç hamam (Şeyh Ali Bey, Fazlı Bey ve Mirza Ali Bey) bulunuyordu. Cami ve mescid etrafında oluşan mahallelerde XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında üç cami (Kızıl Arslan, Mehmed Kethüdâ, Câmi-i Şerif), on mescid (Ağa, Hacı Halil, Keçeci, Molla Ahmed, Sultan Mahmud, Hacı Sânî, Besrî, Şeyh Emînüddin, Etmelik [?], İsmâiilian) mevcuttu. Evliya Çelebi ise burada yetmiş cami ve kırk mescid, yirmi kervansaray, yedi hamam olduğundan söz eder. 1720’li yıllarda Sultan Murad ve Hazret Paşa camilerine, XIX. yüzyılın başlarında ise dört mescidin adına rastlanır. Sovyet döneminde cami ve mescidlerin çoğu ortadan kalkmıştır.
Nüfus durumu Nahcıvan’ın bağlı bulunduğu ülkenin istikrarına ve siyasî durumuna göre değişmiştir. Moğollar’ın istilâsının ardından nüfusu epeyce azalan şehirde sonraki dönemlerde de nüfusta artış olmamıştır. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında Osmanlılar devrinde Nahcıvan’da 4208, XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgi doğru ise 51.000 kişi (10.200 ev), XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında Şarden’e göre 10.000 kişi (2000 ev), XVIII. yüzyılın 20’li yıllarında 4385, 1806’da 5000, 1831’de 5470, 1896’da 7433, 1913’te 8945, 1926’da 12.611 kişi yaşıyordu. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından sağlık hizmetlerinin gelişmesinden dolayı nüfus artışı hızlanmış, 1970’te 33.000’e ulaşmış, 2004 yılına ait tahminlere göre ise 70.000 nüfusa yaklaşmıştır. Günümüzde deri işleme, ipekçilik ve mobilya yapımı alanlarında Azerbaycan’ın bir sanayi şehri durumundadır.
Nahcıvan tarih boyunca önemli ticaret yolları üzerinde bulunmasıyla ön plana çıkmıştır. İldenizliler Devleti’nin başşehri olduğu dönemde burada dokumacılık, inşaat, demircilik, halıcılık, kuyumculuk vb. alanlar başlıca zanaat dallarını oluşturuyordu. Üretilen mallar Nahcıvan çarşısında satılır ve diğer ülkelere de ihraç edilirdi. Şehir civarında ahali ziraat, bağcılık, balıkçılıkla uğraşıyor ve tuz çıkarıyordu. Moğollar’ın istilâsının ardından han, çarşı, kervansaray, Aras nehri üzerindeki köprüler yıkılıp ortadan kalkmış, iktisadî hayat gerilemeye başlamıştır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde de sürekli savaş alanı olduğundan gelişmesi yavaşlamış, zaman zaman kesintiye uğramıştır. Bu durum nüfus verileriyle de kendini gösterir.
XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında Nahcıvan’da yirmi beş değirmen, birer boyahâne, mum imalâthanesi ve sabunhâne vardı. Bu küçük sanayi işletmeleri dışında gelir kaynakları ticarete dayanıyordu. Bir çarşısı ve at pazarı, altı çiftlik, otuz dört ziraat alanı, doksan bir bahçe mukātaaya verilmişti. Şehir ahalisi çoğunlukla ziraatla uğraşıyor, buğday, arpa, darı, nohut, mercimek ekiyor, bağcılık, koyunculuk ve arıcılık yapıyordu. Nahcıvan sancağının dahil olduğu Revan eyaletinin adaletle idare edilmesi ve istikrarın temini amacıyla 1590 yılında düzenlenen kanunnâme şehirdeki ticarî hayatı ortaya koyar. Buradaki bilgilerden anlaşıldığına göre şehir pazarında tarım ürünleri yanında bal, yağ, yaş ve kuru meyve, pastırma gibi yiyecek maddeleri satılıyor ve hayvan ticareti yapılıyordu. 1727 tarihli mufassal deftere göre Nahcıvan’da ikisi harap olmak üzere altı ay çalışan yirmi altı değirmen, mumhâne, boyahâne, sabunhâne, üç çarşı, bir pazar ve 191 dükkân mevcuttu.
Hanlık dönemi Nahcıvan şehrinin gerek iktisadî hayatında gerekse ticaretinde önemli bir gelişme görülmemiştir. Eskisi gibi şehirde dokumacılık, halıcılık, ziraat ve hayvancılıkla uğraşılıyordu. Rusya’ya ilhakından sonra Nahcıvan ham madde alanına çevrilmiş, sanayi geri plana itilmiştir. Çarlık Rusyası devrinde Nahcıvan’da sekiz deri, altı tuğla imalâthanesi vardı, yirmi yedi “dulusçu” esnafı bulunuyordu. Sovyet döneminde Nahcıvan şehri iktisadî bakımdan Çarlık Rusyası devrinde olduğu gibi geri bırakılmış, burası ham madde üreten merkez durumunu sürdürmüştür.
İldenizliler döneminde Nahcıvan gelişmiş kültür merkezlerinden biriydi. Bu devirde şehirde medreseler faaliyet gösteriyordu. Şehirde XIII-XV. yüzyıllarda genellikle Nahcuvânî ve Neşevî nisbeleriyle tanınan çok sayıda ilim adamı yaşamış, tarih, fıkıh, dil, tabâbet gibi dallarda eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Tıpta Gazi Necmeddin en-Nahcuvânî, Ekmeleddin en-Nahcuvânî, İbrâhim b. Zeynüddin en-Nahcuvânî tanınmış ilim adamlarıdır. el-Fevâtîḥu’l-ilâhiyye ve’l-mefâtiḥu’l-ġaybiyye ve Hidâyetü’l-iḫvân adlı eserleriyle Baba Ni‘metullah Nahcuvânî, dil ve devlet idaresiyle ilgili eserleriyle Şems-i Münşî meşhur âlimlerdir. Şair ve mütercimlerden Muhammed Saîd b. Muhammed İbnü’s-Sâvecî ve Hindûşah es-Sâhibî’nin de Nahcıvan’ın kültür hayatına büyük katkıları olmuştur.
Nahcıvan mimarları tuğladan inşa ettikleri saray, köprü, cami, mescid, kervansaray ve türbelerle, ayrıca farklı üslûplarıyla Nahcıvan mimarlık mektebini oluşturmuşlardır. Özellikle Acemî b. Ebû Bekir yalnız Nahcıvan’da değil diğer ülkelerde de mimari işler için siparişler almıştır. XVII. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren duraklama ve gerileme dönemine giren Nahcıvan’ın kültür hayatında yeni bir gelişme görülmemiştir. Rusya’ya ilhakından sonra Nahcıvan’da biri Türkçe ders veren okul olmak üzere sadece dört mektep açılmıştır. Sovyet döneminde bir üniversite, tiyatro, Azerbaycan Bilimler Akademisi şubesinden teşekkül eden eğitim, araştırma ve kültür merkezleri bulunan Nahcıvan’da 1991’den itibaren Ziraat, Tıp enstitüleri ve diğer okullarla dokuz kültür merkezi ve dört müze kurulmuştur.
Nahcıvan’ın merkezini oluşturduğu Nahcıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti kuzey, kuzeydoğu ve doğuda Ermenistan, güneyde İran ve kuzeybatıda Türkiye ile komşudur. İran sınırı Aras nehrini izlemektedir. Ülke dağlık bir coğrafyaya sahiptir. 1590’larda Revan eyaletine bağlı Nahcıvan bölgesi, Nahcıvan (yedi nahiye: Nahcıvan, Mevâzî-i Hâtun, Arslanlı mülkü, Karabağ, Dereşam, Dereşahbuz, Bazarçay), Şerûr (beş nahiye: Şerûr, Zar, Zebil, Alınca, Sisyan) ve Ordubâd (beş nahiye: Ordubâd, Culha, Âzad-Ceyrân, Şorlut, Norküt) kazalarından oluşuyordu (BA, TD, nr. 699). XVIII. yüzyılın başlarında burası on dört nahiyeden müteşekkildi (Nahcıvan, Alınca, Mevâzî, Dereşahbuz, Arslanlı mülkü, Mevâzî-i Hâtun, Karabağ, Kışlagat, Âzad-Ceyrân, Şorlut, Derenorküt, Sisyan, Ordubâd, Dereleyez). Zar, Zebil ve Şerûr nahiyeleri Revan’a bağlanmıştı. Nahcıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti 1930’larda Başnoraşen, Kıvrak, Tumbul, Nerimanov, Aprakunis, Culfa, Paraga, Ordubâd ve Şahbuz ilçelerinden ibaretti. Bugün Nahcıvan merkez olmak üzere Babek, Sederek, Şahbuz, Şerur, Ordubâd ve Culfa ilçelerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu idarî bölgelere tâbi dört şehir, iki büyük kasaba ve 215 köy mevcuttur. Nahcıvan’ın toplam nüfusu 2004 yılına ait tahminlere göre 374.000 kadardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, TD, nr. 699, s. 3-6, 9-11, 276-306; nr. 905, s. 10-24; Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 279, 287, 293, 301; Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb, XIII, 101-103; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, V, 276, 286-287, 298; Arakel Davrijetsi, Kniga istoriy, Moskva 1973, s. 61-63, 74, 488, 494; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, II, 236-238; I. Şopen, Istoriçeskiy pamyatnik sostoyaniya Armyanskoy oblasti v epohu yeyo prisoyedineniya k Rossiyskoy imperii, Sankt-Peterburg 1852, s. 318-320, 477-480; Statistiçeskoye opisaniye Nahiçevanskoy provintsii, Sankt-Peterburg 1833, s. 68, 140, 142, 144; V. V. Barthold, Mesto Prikaspiyskih Oblastey v Istorii Musulmanskogo Mira, Bakü 1925, s. 70-71; Favstos Buzand, Istoriya Armenii, Erevan 1953, s. 134; Z. M. Buniyatov, Azerbaydjan v VII-IX. vv., Bakü 1965, s. 223-229; a.mlf. – G. M. Mamedov, “Prostrannıy defter sandjaka Nahiçevan 1727 goda (obşaya harakteristika)”, Srednevekovıy Vostok: istoriya i kultura, Bakü 1990, s. 112-124; Rauf Memmedov, Nahçıvan Şeherinin Tarihi Oçerki (Orta Eserler Devri), Bakü 1977, s. 19-21, 23-25, 33-36, 55-56, 69-70, 88, 105, 122, 127, 140, 144, 148; C. B. Guliyev v.dğr., Sovet Nahçıvanı, Bakü 1984, s. 15, 16, 23-40, 44, 55; M. Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, Osmanlılar’ın Kafkas-Elleri’ni Fethi: 1451-1590, Ankara 1993, s. 108, 204, 277, 344-350, 373-375, 388, 389; Bekir Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri: 1578-1612 , İstanbul 1993, s. 139, 170, 230; S. Budagova, Nahçıvan Diyarının Tarihi Coğrafyası, Bakü 1995, s. 66-70, 75-80; İsmail Haciyev – Ebülfez Amanoğlu, Tarihte ve Günümüzde Nahçıvan, Ankara 1998; İbrahim E. Atnur, Osmanlı Yönetiminden Sovyet Yönetimine Kadar Nahçıvan (1918-1921), Ankara 2001; K. A. Nikitin, “Gorod Nahiçevan i Nahiçevanskiy uyezd”, Sbornik materialov dlja opisanija mestnostej i plemen Kavkaza, II, Tiflis 1882, s. 109-142; M. H. Şerifli, “Nahçıvanşahlıg”, Azerbaycan SSR EA Haberleri (Tarih, Felsefe ve Hugug Seriyası), sy. 4, Bakü 1966, s. 27-34; V. Aliyev – A. Sultanov, “Nahçıvan’ın 3500 Yaşı Var”, Şerg Gapısı, 18.12.1968; V. Minorsky, “Nahçıvan”, İA, IX, 34-35; a.mlf. – [C. E. Bosworth], “Nak̲h̲čiwān”, EI2 (Fr.), VII, 922-923; “Nahiçevan”, BSE, XVII, 353; “Nahiçevan”, Sovetskaya İstoriçeskaya Entsiklopediya, Moskva 1967, X, 16; “Nahçıvan”, Azerbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyası, Bakü 1983, VII, 170-171.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 294-297 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.