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OCAKLIK Skip to content OCAKLIK Osmanlı idarî ve malî teşkilâtında belirli bir tahsisat alanını ifade eden terim.
Müellif: Orhan Kılıç
Ocaklık kelimesi, Osmanlı öncesi dönemde kaynaklarda daha çok toprak tasarrufu ve toprağın hizmet karşılığındaki kullanım hakkının belli bir aileye irsen bırakılmış olması bağlamında zikredilir. Moğollar, İlhanlılar, Anadolu Selçukluları ve Anadolu beyliklerinde askerî iktâların emîr veya sipahinin erkek çocuklarına intikal eden şekline ocaklık veya ocakzâde timarları denildiği bilinmektedir. Bunlar daha sonra Osmanlı timar sistemi içinde varlıklarını sürdürmüş, ocakzade timarları olarak tahrir ve timar kayıtlarında yer almıştır.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde ocaklık teriminin kullanım alanları çeşitlidir. En yaygın biçimde idarî teşkilât içerisinde rastlanan ocaklık statüsündeki sancakları ifade etmek üzere geçer. Ocaklık sancaklar hükümet ve yurtluk-ocaklık sancaklar olmak üzere iki çeşittir. Osmanlı döneminde kaleme alınan bazı kanunnâme ve risâlelerde ocaklık sancakların hukukî ve idarî statüleri açıklanmıştır. Buna göre ocaklık sancaklar hükümet, yurtluk-ocaklık gibi adlarla fetih sırasında hizmeti görülen mahallî beylere veya emîrlere çoğunlukla kendi toprakları olmak üzere bırakılan yerlerdir. Hükümet tabir edilen sancaklar mülkiyet, yurtluk-ocaklık sancaklar ise arpalık ve sancak hassı yoluyla verilir. Hükümet sancaklarda timar sisteminin gereği olan tahrir yapılmaz, yani bu gibi sancaklarda timar ve zeâmet tahsisatı yoktur. Sancak gelirinin tamamı idarecisi konumundaki beylere (hâkim) aittir. Yurtluk-ocaklık sancaklarda ise tahrir yapılabilir ve içinde timarlar bulunabilir. Hükümet sancaklarda Osmanlı merkezî idaresinin memurları konumundaki beylerden ve kul taifesinden hiç kimse bulunmaz. Beyleri mahallî hânedan mensubudur ve kendilerine ait askerleri vardır. Ancak bunlar beylerbeyilikler içindeki diğer sancaklar gibi sefer zamanında bağlı bulundukları beylerbeyinin emri altında sefere çıkarlar. Genellikle beyleri azledilmez. Öldüklerinde veya hizmette kusurları görüldüğünde sancakları evlât ve akrabalarına verilir, aile dışından kimseye tevcih yapılmaz. Bu özellikler incelendiğinde ocaklık statüsündeki sancakların iç işlerinde tamamen serbest olduğu anlaşılır. Devlete sadakatle hizmet ettikleri sürece bu sancakların idaresinin kuru bir mülkiyet hakkıyla mahallî beylere ve bunların aile üyelerine bırakılması devam ettirilir. Fakat merkezî otoriteyi zaafa uğratacak uygulamalara izin verilmediği ve bu gibi durumlarda söz konusu statünün bozulabildiği dikkati çeker. Ocaklık sancaklarda merkezî otoriteyi hâkim kılma esasına ve ilgili kanunnâme hükümlerine uymayan uygulamalar yapılabilir (Kılıç, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, XI/1 [2001], s. 257-274).
Ocaklık sancaklar Bosna, Anadolu, Diyarbekir, Van, Kars, Çıldır, Trabzon, Şam, Rakka, Bağdat, Basra, Adana, Tunus ve Şehrizor eyaletlerinde görülmektedir. Ancak bu eyaletler ve eyaletlere bağlı ocaklık sancak sayıları çeşitli dönemlerde farklılıklar gösterir. Meselâ Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde Diyarbekir, Çıldır, Van ve Bağdat eyaletlerinde toplam yirmi iki ocaklık sancak varken 1673-1740 yıllarında on eyalette yetmiş civarında ocaklık sancak bulunduğu görülmektedir. Diyarbekir eyaletine bağlı Kulb, Tercil, Palu, Mihranî, Hazzo (Hazo), Genç ve Çermik; Van eyaletine bağlı Bitlis, Hakkâri, Mahmudî ve Şırvî (Şirevi); Bağdat eyaletine bağlı İmâdiye sancakları sürekliliği olan ocaklık sancaklardandır. Ocaklık sancakların sayısı Van, Çıldır, Erzurum, Bağdat ve Diyarbekir eyaletlerinde diğer eyaletlere nazaran daha fazladır. Bunun en önemli sebebi uzun süre devam eden Osmanlı-Safevî savaşlarıdır. Osmanlı Devleti, bu bölgelerin devamlı şekilde savaş hali yaşamasını göz önünde bulundurarak ocaklık sancakları ihdas etmiş ve bölgedeki mahallî beyleri doğrudan devletin resmî görevlisi haline getirerek sadakatle hizmetlerini sağlamıştır.
Ocaklık sancaklar sadece Doğu Anadolu’ya has bir uygulama değildir. Bosna eyaletindeki Zaçasna sancağının ocaklık olarak tevcih edildiği, Gürcü prenslerinden Dâvud ve Aleksandr Han’a Osmanlı Devleti’ne itaatlerinden dolayı ülkelerinin ocaklık olarak bağışlandığı bilinmektedir. Ocaklık veya hükümet tipi sancakların devletin merkezî kontrolünden uzak müstakil birimler olduğu kanaati yanlıştır. Merkezî idarenin denetimi diğer sancaklar gibi bunlar üzerinde de açıkça bellidir. Ayrıca her birinin bir beylerbeyilik / eyalet içinde yer alması mahallî otoritenin sınırlarını tayin etmiştir. Ocaklık sancakların birden fazla kişi ve ailenin tasarrufunda olduğu da görülür. Meselâ Çıldır eyaletine bağlı Livane sancağı ocaklık yoluyla üçte bir hissesi Ferhad Paşa’ya, üçte iki hissesi Sefer Paşa’nın oğluna verilmiştir. Ocaklık suretiyle yönetim şekli genelde sancaklarda görülmesine rağmen istisnaî bir uygulama ile Çıldır eyaletinin tamamı XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında ocaklık olarak tahsis edilmiştir (Kılıç, 18. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti’nin İdarî Taksimatı, s. 40, 65-66).
İdarî teşkilâtın dışında devletin bir kısım giderlerinin karşılanması için bazı gelir kaynaklarının tahsisine de ocaklık denilmektedir. Bu uygulama sancak ve toprak tasarrufundaki ocaklık uygulamasından farklı bir mahiyet arzeder. Bu çeşit ocaklıklar Matbah-ı Âmire, Istabl-ı Âmire, Tersâne-i Âmire ve bazı askerî görevlilerin maaşlarına karşılık kendilerine tahsis edilen gelir üniteleri özelliği taşır. Saray mutfağına ülkenin hangi kasabası veya sancağından hangi miktarda nelerin geleceği tesbit edilerek bir tahsisat alanı (ocaklık veya örü) oluşturulmuştur. Meselâ şeker için Mısır, bal için Eflak, Boğdan, Sofya, İvraca, Eğriboz, Malkara, Vidin, Kili ve Akkirman ocaklık olarak tayin edilen yerlerdir. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında bazı sancak ve kazaların avârız ve nüzül bedellerinin Matbah-ı Âmire’ye ocaklık olarak ayrıldığı da görülmektedir (Göyünç, s. 276).
Donanma için gemi yapımında ihtiyaç duyulan kereste, zift, tente, urgan, demir halat, kenevir halat, yelken bezi, üstüpü, kirpas, kürek, lenger vb. malzemeler için bunların üretildiği bazı ocaklık bölgeler ortaya çıkmıştır. Burada çalışanlar bütün vergilerden veya avârız türü vergilerden muaf olurlar, buna karşılık donanma için gerekli malzemeyi hazırlar ve Tersane eminine teslim ederlerdi. Bu sisteme Tersane ocaklığı denilirdi. Bu bölgeler Kastamonu, İnebolu, Bartın, Sinop, Samsun, Ünye, Karahisarışarkî, Alâiye, Payas, Kırklareli, Pravadi, Vize, Karinâbâd, Aydos, Çatalca, Silivri, Çekmece, Midye, Biga, Bayramiç, Tuzla, Kazdağı, Seddülbahir, Kumkale, Eceovası, Ezine, İzmir, Menemen, Saruhan, Aydın, Menteşe, Mihalıç, Selânik, Avlonya, Midilli, Eğriboz, Atina, İstefe, Gümülcine, Berkofça, Ilıca, Niş, Edirne, Ustrumca, Manastır, Kratova, Köstendil, Sidrekapsi, Demirhisar, Misivri, Ahyolu, Üsküp ve Samakov idi. Tersâne-i Âmire için de bazı bölgelerin avârız hâneleri ocaklık olarak tayin edilmiştir. Meselâ ocaklık avârız hânelerinden alınan kürekçi akçesi senede 248 yük (621 kese) akçedir (Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi, s. 169). Hassa ahırlarına at ve diğer gerekli malzemeyi temin için de çeşitli bölgelerden ocaklıklar tayin edilmiştir.
Bazı askerî görevlilerin ücretlerine karşılık kendilerine tahsis edilen gelirler de ocaklık olarak anılır. Bu usul, özellikle sınır bölgelerinde görev yapan kale muhafızlarının maaşlarını zamanında ve düzenli biçimde almasını sağlamaya yönelik bir uygulamadır. Kale görevlilerine ayrılan ocaklık gelirleri çoğunlukla mukātaa gelirlerinden oluşuyordu. Meselâ 7 Cemâziyelevvel 1047 (27 Eylül 1637) tarihli bir ahkâm kaydında Van Kalesi neferatının bir yıllık mevâcib yekününün 120.000 kuruş olduğu, 35.000 kuruşunun ocaklık gelirlerinden sağlandığı belirtilmektedir (BA, MAD, nr. 3443, s. 143). 1036’da (1627) Özü eyaletindeki kalelerde görev yapan müstahfızlar ve 1042-1043 (1632-1633) yıllarında Musul Kalesi kullarının mevâcibleri için bir kısım mukātaa gelirleri ocaklık olarak bağlanmıştır (Göyünç, s. 276). Kars eyaletine bağlı Oltı sancağının has gelirlerinin tamamı da ocaklık tarikiyle Oltı kullarının mevâciblerine ayrılmıştır (Turan, s. 222-223).
Osmanlılar’da malî teşkilât ve mukātaa sistemi içinde ocaklık uygulaması XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda geniş ölçüde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Meselâ maden mukātaası gelirlerinden ocaklık olarak yapılan mahsup miktarı 1063’te (1653) 12.496.183 akçe iken 1122’de (1710) 2.780.675’e gerilemiştir. Aynı zaman dilimi içinde haslar mukātaasındaki ocaklık payı başlangıçta % 57 iken daha sonra % 0,29’a düşmüştür. İstanbul, Bursa, Avlonya, Kefe mukātaalarında da benzeri bir düşüş eğilimi dikkati çeker. XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra ocaklık uygulaması malî denetim ve merkezîleşme çerçevesinde azaltılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD, nr. 59, s. 66, hk. 285; nr. 69, s. 391, hk. 577; BA, MAD, nr. 3443, s. 143; BA, A.RSK, nr. 1551, 1560, 1564, 1568, 1572, 1573; BA, A.NŞT, nr. 1138, 1355; BA, KK, nr. 253, 266; Ayn Ali, Kavânîn Âl-i Osmân, tür.yer.; Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 169; Uzunçarşılı, Medhal, s. 113, 237; Şerafettin Turan, “XVII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun İdarî Taksimatı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi 1961 Yıllığı, Ankara 1963, s. 210-227; Nejat Göyünç, “Yurtluk-Ocaklık Deyimleri Hakkında”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan, İstanbul 1991, s. 269-277; Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, İstanbul 1992, IV, tür.yer.; İdris Bostan, Osmanlı Bahriye Teşkilâtı: XVII. Yüzyılda Tersâne-i Âmire, Ankara 1992, tür.yer.; Orhan Kılıç, 18. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devletinin İdari Taksimatı-Eyalet ve Sancak Tevcihatı, Elazığ 1997, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “Ocaklık Sancakların Osmanlı Hukukunda ve İdari Tatbikattaki Yeri”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, XI/1, Elazığ 2001, s. 257-274; a.mlf., “Klasik Dönem Osmanlı İdari Sisteminde Hükümet Sancaklar: Hakkâri Hükümeti Örneği”, TTK Bildiriler, XIV (2002), II/1, s. 703-720; Baki Çakır, Osmanlı Mukataa Sistemi (XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2003, bk. İndeks; Yaşar Yücel, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Desantralizasyona (Adem-i Merkeziyet) Dair Genel Gözlemler”, TTK Belleten, XXXVIII/152 (1974), s. 657-708; N. Filipoviç, “Ocaklık Timars in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, POF, XXXVI (1987), s. 149-180.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 317-318 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.