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OTMAN BABA Skip to content OTMAN BABA (ö. 883/1478) Kalenderî şeyhi.
Müellif: Haşim Şahin
780 (1378-79) yılında doğdu. Hayatı hakkındaki bilgiler, halifelerinden Küçük Abdal’ın onun ölümünden beş yıl sonra kaleme aldığı Vilâyetnâme-i Otman Baba adlı esere dayanmaktadır. Birbirine benzeyen keramet hikâyelerini tekrar eden menâkıbnâmelerin dışında dönemin dinî-sosyal hayatına ışık tutan önemli bir kaynak olarak tanımlanan eseri (İnalcık, s. 129) yazma görevini kendisine bizzat Otman Baba’nın verdiğini söyleyen Küçük Abdal onun Anadolu’ya Timur ile birlikte geldiğini, halk arasında Otman Baba diye tanındığını, erenlerin ise ona Hüsam Şah dediklerini, Oğuz dili konuştuğunu, cüssesinin heybetli, nazarının himmetli olduğunu, sırrına kimsenin vâkıf olamayacağını söylediğini belirtir. Ağrı dağı eteklerinde, Bursa, İznik, Germiyan ve Saruhan yöresinde dolaştığını, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed ile şehzadeliği sırasında Manisa’da görüştüğünü anlatır.
Otman Baba, daha sonra Küçük Abdal’ın “abdalân-ı Rûm” diye tanımladığı yüzlerce dervişiyle birlikte İstanbul’a gelmiş, Göztepe’de ve Terkos civarında bir süre ikamet ettikten sonra uzun yıllar faaliyet göstereceği Balkanlar’a geçmiş, burada muhtelif şehir, köy ve kasabaları dolaşmış, sıkıntılarını gidermede halka yardım etmiş, zorda olan çiftçilere destek olmuş, abdalları için kurban toplamıştır. Babaeski, Aydos, Dobruca, Tırnova, Zağra, Filibe, Edirne, Vize, Siroz, Belgrad, Semendire, Ağaç denizi, Balkan dağı gezdiği yerler arasında zikredilebilir. Yaz aylarında Ahmed Baba (Vize), Mü’min Derviş (Zağra), Bayezid Baba (Vardar), Mecnun Derviş (Serez) ve Nasuh Baba (Karasu Yenicesi) gibi dönemin ünlü Kalenderî zâviyelerini dolaşmış, kışları Varna ve Edirne’deki zâviyesinde geçirmiştir. Eserde, onun bölgenin efsanevî kahramanı Sarı Saltuk’a atıfta bulunduğu ve Balkanlar’da iman çerağını yakan Sarı Saltuk’un aslında kendisi olduğunu vurguladığı görülür. Otman Baba, Balkanlar’da yörükler ve bilhassa Tanrıdağı yörükleri arasında faaliyet göstermiştir. Kendisinin de yörük olmasının faaliyet sahasını belirlemede etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Halil İnalcık’a göre bunun temelinde merkezî yönetim tarafından dışlanmış olan bu zümrelere mensup oluşu yatmaktadır. Esasen onun abdallarının çoğu Doğu Balkan dağları veya Dobruca yörüklerinden fakir çobanlardır. Otman Baba’nın şehirde yaşayanları “koca karınlı” diye eleştirmesi, sürekli dağlarda dolaşması kendisini ve mensup olduğu çevreyi açık biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. Abdallarıyla birlikte Balkanlar’daki fetih hareketlerine katılıp gazilerle birlikte savaşan Otman Baba onlarla yakın dostluk kurmuş, devlet adamlarının ihsanlarını kesinlikle kabul etmemiştir. Onun yakınlık kurduğu akıncı gazilerin başında Mihaloğlu Ali Bey gelir. Vilâyetnâme’de Ali Bey’in Otman Baba’ya karşı çok hürmetkâr olduğundan bahsedilir.
Vilâyetnâme’de en çok vurgu yapılan hususlardan biri Otman Baba’nın Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’le ilişkisidir. Şehzadeliği döneminden itibaren Fâtih üzerinde nüfuz sahibi olmaya çalışan Otman Baba rivayete göre daha şehzade iken rüyasına girerek kendini tanıtmış ve ona Rum diyarına kendisini padişah yapmak için geldiğini söylemiştir. Küçük Abdal’ın ifadelerinden, Otman Baba’nın, Fâtih’i sultan olarak tanımakla birlikte kendisinin kâinatı yöneten kutup olduğunu ve tasarrufu olmaksızın hiçbir şeyin gerçekleşmeyeceğini vurgulamaya çalıştığı hissedilir. Nitekim kendini Fâtih’in yaptığı işlerden sorumlu görmüş, aralarındaki ilişkiye daha çok bu anlayış damgasını vurmuştur. Meselâ Vilâyetnâme’ye göre Fâtih, Belgrad seferine çıkmayı planladığında ona sefere çıkmamasını tavsiye etmiş, çıktığı takdirde başarısız olacağını söylemiş, Fâtih bu tavsiyeyi sert bir tepkiyle karşılamışsa da sefer başarısızlıkla sonuçlanınca onun üstünlüğünü tanımak zorunda kalmış, bu dönemden itibaren Otman Baba’ya karşı son derece hürmetkâr, lutufkâr ve itaatkâr davranmaya başlamıştır. Eserde, başta Mahmud Paşa olmak üzere Fâtih’in yanındaki devlet adamlarının da Otman Baba’nın “sırr-ı velâyet” olduğunu bildikleri vurgulanır.
Otman Baba’nın Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’e ve devrin diğer adamlarına karşı tutumunda sahip olduğu kutbiyyet telakkisinin büyük payı vardır. Vilâyetnâme’de Yıldırım Bayezid devrinde Şücâüddin Dede’nin kutbiyyet makamında bulunduğu, daha sonra kutbiyyetin Otman Baba’ya geçtiği ifade edilmektedir. Küçük Abdal tam anlamıyla vahdet-i vücûd neşvesi içinde olan Otman Baba’yı “kutbü’l-aktâb, kutbü’l-âlem, kutbü’z-zamân, kân-ı velâyet, server-i şâh-ı cihân, kutb-ı velâyet-i sırr-ı eşyâ, âlim-i nûr-ı hikmet, sâhib-i kudret, nokta-i hakîkat, şâh-ı merdân, şâh-ı Kerbelâ” gibi unvanlarla anar. Bu unvanlarda Ehl-i beyt vurgusu açıkça görülmektedir.
Vilâyetnâme’den, Hz. Peygamber’le birlikte nübüvvet devrinin sona erip Hz. Ali ile velâyet devrinin başladığını söyleyen, velîleri divane ve meşrû (şeriata riayetkâr) diye ikiye ayıran, divaneleri diğerlerinden üstün sayan Otman Baba’nın bu tür gayr-i Sünnî görüşleri sebebiyle medrese çevrelerince Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’e şikâyet edildiği, hatta mahkemede sorgulandığı, fakat onun ölünceye kadar fikirlerini savunmaya devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Otman Baba, medrese mensuplarının yanı sıra dönemindeki bazı tarikat şeyhleriyle de anlaşamamıştır. Bunda onları dünya malı biriktirmek, şan ve şöhret peşinde koşmak, iktidara yakın çevrelerle iş birliği yapmak, halka yalan yanlış mârifet satmak, kurdukları vakıfları evlâdiyelik hale dönüştürmekle suçlamasının büyük payı olmalıdır. Otman Baba’nın Bektaşî ileri gelenleriyle ilişkilerinin de pek iyi olmadığı görülmektedir. Meselâ Vardar Yenicesi’nde bir sohbet sırasında Bayezid Baba’yı azarlamış, onun Rumeli’deki bütün Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî dervişlerini davet ettiği bir toplantıya katılmamış ve koyun postuna bürünüp “insilâh” halini tercih etmiştir. Aynı şekilde ziyaretine gelen Bektaşî şeyhi Mahmud Çelebi’yi de azarlamış, bu zat yakınlardaki bir Edhemî tekkesine saklanarak kendisini kurtarabilmiştir. Küçük Abdal onun Şücâüddin Baba, Arık Çoban (Koyun Baba) ve Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî dışında geçmişte ve kendi döneminde yaşayan hiçbir velîyi kabul etmediğini, abdallarına çok düşkün olduğunu, bütün hevesleri terkedip Hak aşkı ile dolan ve âlemdeki her şeyi Hak’tan bilenleri gerçek abdal kabul ettiğini söyler. Otman Baba’nın köprü yaptırdığı, abdallarından ıssız alanlara çeşmeler kurup sular akıtmalarını istediği ve Balkanlar’ı yerleşim yeri haline getirmeye çalıştığı kaydedilmektedir.
Eserde ayrıca Otman Baba’nın pek çok kerametinden bahsedilmektedir. Meselâ Azerbaycan taraflarından İstanbul’a bir buluta binip geldiği, yıldırımı kendisine kamçı yaptığı, tabiata hükmetme gücüne sahip olduğu, fırtına çıkarıp yağmur yağdırdığı anlatılmaktadır. Bütün bunlar muhtemelen Otman Baba’nın zamanın kutbu ve yegâne hâkimi olduğunu vurgulamak amacıyla üretilmiştir. Vilâyetnâme’de anlatılan bazı olayların şamanist motifler içerdiği görülmektedir. Onun ve abdallarının gittikleri her yerde buldukları kuru ağaçları ortaya yığıp çok büyük ateşler yakarak etrafında semâ etmeleri, kendisinin Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hastalığını iyileştirmek için büyük bir ateş yakıp başında dua etmesi, Rumeli köylerinde halkı ejderhadan kurtarması gibi olaylar bunlar arasında zikredilebilir.
Küçük Abdal, Otman Baba’nın 8 Receb 883’te (5 Ekim 1478) vefat ettiğini, ölmeden önce abdallarını yanına toplayıp kendilerine yetmiş iki buçuk milleti yekdiğerinden ayırt etmemeleri gerektiğini hatırlattığını, ölümden korkmadığını, kendisinin bir atı olduğunu ve bu ata binerek göğe çıkacağını, arkasından ağlamamalarını, zira artık üşümeyeceğini, yorulmayacağını, acıkmayacağını, yerden göğe gideceğini, zaten aslının da orada olduğunu söylediğini kaydeder. Küçük Abdal, Otman Baba’nın cenazesine içlerinde dânişmendlerin de bulunduğu 2000 kişinin katıldığını söyler. Varna’daki zâviyesinde bulunan türbesi 1506 yılında yapılmıştır.
Osmanlı Kalenderîlik tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Otman Baba, Balkanlar’da XV. yüzyıl Kalenderîliğine damgasını vurmuş (Ocak, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler, s. 101), etkisi sonraki dönemlerde devam etmiştir. XVI. yüzyılda Kalenderî-Bektaşî-Hurûfî bağlamında şiirler söyleyen Muhyiddin Abdal onu “ululardan ulu, yedi iklim dört köşeye, arşa kürse tolu” bir şahsiyet olarak tanıtır. Otman Baba’nın halifesi Akyazılı Sultan’dan sonra kutbiyyet makamına geçtiğine inanılan Demir Baba’nın abdalları Otman Baba’ya saygı duymuşlar, sık sık türbesini ziyaret etmişler ve bu ziyaretin en büyük kerem olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir (Demir Baba Vilâyetnamesi, s. 110). II. Bayezid’e Arnavutluk’ta yapılan suikast girişiminden (1492) Otman Baba dervişleri sorumlu tutulmuştur (Ocak, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler, s. 101-102). Anadolu ve Balkanlar’da pek çok köye onun adına nisbetle Hüsam Dede ismi verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Küçük Abdal, Vilâyetnâme-i Otman Baba, Ankara Cebeci Halk Ktp., nr. 495; Millî Ktp., Mikrofilm Arşivi, nr. A. 4985; Demir Baba Vilâyetnamesi (haz. Bedri Noyan), İstanbul 1976, s. 81, 110, 119, 147, 162; Yemînî, Fazîletnâme (haz. Yusuf Tepeli), Ankara 2002, I; Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı, Mevlânâ’dan Sonra Mevlevîlik (İstanbul 1953), İstanbul 1983, s. 207; Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, Bektaşî Menâkıbnâmelerinde İslâm Öncesi İnanç Motifleri, İstanbul 1983, tür.yer.; a.mlf., Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler (XIV-XVII. Yüzyıllar), Ankara 1992, s. 99-102; Halil İnalcık, The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire, Essays on Economy and Society, Bloomington 1993, s. 19-36 (aynı yazı için bk. a.mlf., Doğu Batı Makaleleri I, Ankara 2005, s. 129-150); Ahmet T. Karamustafa, God’s Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period, 1200-1500, Salt Lake City 1994, s. 239-248; Halime Doğru, XIII.-XIX. Yüzyıllar Arasında Rumeli’de Sağ Kolun Siyasî, Sosyal, Ekonomik Görüntüsü ve Kozluca Kazası, Eskişehir 2000, s. 79-80; Yusuf Ziya Yörükân, Müslümanlıktan Evvel Türk Dinleri: Şamanizm (haz. Türkan Yörükân), Ankara 2005, s. 107; Hasan Fehmi [Turgal], “Otman Baba Velâyetnâmesi”, TY, V/27 (1927), s. 239-244; Nejat Birdoğan, “Otman Baba ve Velâyetnâmesi”, Folklor / Edebiyat, sy. 16, Ankara 1998, s. 22-32; Bayram Durbilmez, “Muhyiddin Abdal’a Göre Hacı Bektaş ve Otman Baba”, a.e., sy. 18 (1999), s. 133-140; Şevki Koca, “Od’man Baba Velâyetnâmesi (Vilâyetnâme-i Şâhî) ve Gökçek Abdal Hakkında Bir Didaktik Kodeks”, a.e., sy. 29 (2001), s. 263-272; N. Gramatikova, “Otman Baba: One of the Spiritual Patrons of Islamic Heterodoxy in Bulgarian Lands”, EB, sy. 3 (2002), s. 71-102; Kemal Üçüncü, “Sözlü Kültür / Tarih Bağlamında Edebî Bir Metin Olarak Otman Baba Vilâyetnâmesi”, Bilig, sy. 28, Ankara 2004, s. 1-29.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 6-8 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.