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ÖZBEK HAN Skip to content ÖZBEK HAN (ö. 740/1340) Altın Orda hükümdarı (1313-1340).
Müellif: Mustafa Kafalı
Altın Orda Hanı Tokta’nın kardeşi Tuğrulca’nın (Toğrılca) oğludur. Tokta Han’ın ölümü üzerine han oldu. Tahta çıkışı Tokta Han’ın vefatının ardından baş gösteren karışıklıklar sonucu gerçekleşti. Bazı kaynaklara göre Tokta Han, Sayın Han sülâlesi mensuplarını atalığı Bacır-Tok Buka’nın telkiniyle öldürtmüş ve oğlu İl Basar’ı tek veliaht olarak bırakmıştı. İl Basar’ın ölümüyle Sayın Han sülâlesinin sona erme tehlikesi ortaya çıkmıştı. Bu duruma üzülen Tokta Han’ın yanına gelen öldürttüğü kardeşi Tuğrulca’nın hanımı Gelin Bayalun (Beylûn), Tuğrulca’nın katledilmesi sırasında hamile olduğunu, doğan oğluna Özbek adını verdiğini ve onu ölümden kurtarabilmek için Kabartay ülkesinde yakını İnal Bey’in yanına gönderdiğini söylemişti. Bunun üzerine Tokta Han emîrlerinden Kıyat Astay ve Secut Alatay beyleri, şehzadeyi getirmek için görevlendirmiş, ancak beyler Özbek’i alıp döndükleri esnada Tokta Han vefat etmişti. Bu durumdan faydalanan Atalık Bacır-Tok Buka kendisini han ilân etmiş, ancak Kıyat Astay ve Secut Alatay bir hile ile onu öldürerek Özbek’i Altın Orda hanı yapmışlardı (Abdülgaffar Kırîmî, s. 32-33; Kafalı, Ötemiş Hacı’ya Göre Cuci Ulusunun Tarihi, vr. 27b -28b ). Buna karşılık Kâşânî küçük farklılıklarla bu rivayete benzeyen, fakat Bacır-Tok Buka yerine o sırada hayatta imiş gibi Tokta Han’ın oğlu Tökel Buka’ya ait bir hikâye nakleder (Târîḫ-i Olcaytu, vr. 188a ). Kaynaklarda Tokta Han’ın ölümü 712 (1312) veya 713 (1313) olarak verilmektedir, adına basılan son para ise 713 (1313) tarihini taşımaktadır (Markof, s. 444). Diğer bir rivayete göre Tokta Han öldüğü sırada üç oğlundan Tökel Buka hayatta idi. Özbek Han bu şehzadeyi bertaraf ederek tahta çıkabilmişti. O sırada Hârizm ülkesine hâkim olan Cuci Han’ın oğlu Togay Timur neslinden Kutluğ Timur, Özbek Han’a ve yanındaki emîrlere yardımcı olmuş, onun Altın Orda tahtına çıkmasını temin etmişti (Abdullah b. Ali Kâşânî, vr. 188a -189a ; Tiesenhausen [Aynî], s. 371). Bu noktada İran ve Arap kaynaklarına nisbetle Ötemiş Hacı ile Abdülgaffar Kırîmî’nin verdiği bilgilerin daha doğru olabileceği söylenebilir. Özbek Han’ın 713’te (1313) Kırım’da basılmış paralarının bulunması tahta çıkış tarihinin bu yıla tekabül ettiğini gösterir. Bazı kaynaklarda tahta çıktığı esnada otuz, yerli kaynaklarda ise on üç yaşında olduğu belirtilir. Babasının katledildiği 1291’den az sonra doğduğu düşünülürse hükümdar olduğunda yaşının yirmi üç civarında olduğu kabul edilebilir.
Özbek Han tahta oturduktan sonra kendisine suikast tertibinde bulunanları birer birer ortadan kaldırdı. Bunlardan yalnız Babaç maiyetiyle birlikte İlhanlı Hükümdarı Olcaytu Han’ın yanına sığınabildi. Özbek Han, Kutluğ Timur’un telkiniyle, İlhanlılar’la sürüp gelmekte olan savaş haline son verebilmek için bir dostluk heyetini Olcaytu Han’a gönderdi. Altın Orda elçileri, 25 Muharrem 714’te (11 Mayıs 1314) Sultâniye şehrinde İlhanlı hükümdarı tarafından karşılandı (Abdullah b. Ali Kâşânî, vr. 199a-b ). Ancak 715’te (1315) İlhanlılar’a sığınmış olan Babaç’ın, maiyetindeki kuvvetlerle Hârizm hâkimi Kutluğ Timur’a karşı baskın seferi yapması bu dostluğa son verdi. Kutluğ Timur yenilgiye uğrayarak çekilmeye mecbur oldu (a.g.e., vr. 207a-b ). Bunun üzerine Özbek Han, emîrlerinden Akboğa Kıyat başkanlığında bir elçi heyetini Olcaytu Han’a gönderdi ve Babaç’ın cezalandırılmasını isteyerek tehditte bulundu. Aradaki ilişkileri yeniden düzeltmek isteyen Olcaytu Han, Babaç’ı getirtip elçilerin huzurunda öldürttü (a.g.e., vr. 210a -212b ).
Özbek Han ayrıca Memlükler’le de iyi ilişkiler kurmaya çalıştı. Nüveyrî ve Mufaddal’ın rivayetlerine göre 16 Zilhicce 713’te (3 Nisan 1314) o zamana kadar görülmedik derecede muhteşem bir Altın Orda elçilik heyeti Kahire’ye gitti. 174 kişiden meydana gelen ve kıymetli hediyeler götüren heyet büyük itibar gördü. Buna karşılık Mısır Memlük Sultanı el-Melikü’n-Nâsır da Emîr Alâeddin Aydoğdu başkanlığında bir heyeti Özbek Han’a yollayıp evlenmek üzere hânedandan bir prensese tâlip oldu. Bu elçilik heyeti dönerken Altın Orda elçilik heyeti de onlarla birlikte Ramazan 715’te (Aralık 1315) Kahire’ye gitti. Ramazan 717’de (Kasım 1317) Kahire’ye gelen Özbek Han’ın elçileri evlilik için ağır şartlar öne sürdüler. Bir müddet sonra Özbek Han bu şartlardan vazgeçerek hânedandan Tolun-Bige Hatun’u, o sırada Saray şehrine gelmiş olan el-Melikü’n-Nâsır’ın yeni elçisi Emîr Seyfeddin Otacı’nın dönüşü sırasında pek çok hanımın da bulunduğu kalabalık bir heyetle Mısır’a gönderdi ve nikâh merasimi 6 Rebîülâhir 720’de (16 Mayıs 1320) gerçekleştirildi (Tiesenhausen [Nüveyrî], s. 287, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306; [el-Mufaddal], s. 344-346).
Altın Orda hükümdarları, Özbek Han’a kadar Berke Han (1256-1266) dışında müslüman olmamıştı. Özbek Han da hükümdar olduğu sırada henüz İslâmiyet’i kabul etmemişti. Hatta 1315 yılında kız kardeşi Könçek Hatun’u Moskova Knezi Yuri Daniloviç’le evlendirmiş, Könçek Hatun bu münasebetle vaftiz edilerek Agatha adını almıştı. Özbek Han muhtemelen 720’de (1320) İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek Muhammed adını aldı. Nitekim Uluğ Bey de Özbek Han’ın saltanatının sekizinci yılında müslüman olduktan sonra bütün Deştikıpçak’ı İslâm’a soktuğunu belirtir (Şeceretü’l-Etrâk, vr. 122b -123b ). Özbek Han’ın bu tarihten sonraki paralarında Muhammed adının varlığı verilen bu bilgiyi teyit eder. Ötemiş Hacı ve Abdülgaffar Kırîmî’nin rivayetlerine göre Özbek Han’ı İslâm’a davet eden dört velî Hârizm ve Buhara taraflarından gelen Mecdüddin Şirvânî, Baba Tükles (Şeyh Necîbüddin), Şeyh Ahmed ve Şeyh Hasan Gürgânî’dir (Abdülgaffar Kırîmî, s. 35-36; Kafalı, Ötemiş Hacı’ya Göre Cuci Ulusunun Tarihi, vr. 32a -34a ). Uluğ Bey ise Özbek Han’a İslâmiyet’i telkin eden kişinin Seyyid Ata adlı bir zat olduğunu yazar (Şeceretü’l-Etrâk, vr. 122b -123b ). İlhanlı Hükümdarı Olcaytu Han’ın 716’da (1316) vefatından sonra iki devlet arasında barış durumu ortadan kalktı. 718’de (1318) ordusu ile Derbend’i geçen Özbek Han, Kür ırmağı boyunda Emîr Çoban idaresindeki orduyla çarpıştıysa da netice alamayarak geri döndü (Hâfız-ı Ebrû, s. 84-86; Ebû Bekir el-Kutbî el-Âharî, s. 52).
719’da (1319) Bizans ile münasebetlerin bozulması yüzünden Altın Orda birlikleri Edirne’ye kadar Bizans arazisini yağmaladı. Ertesi yıl Tuğluk Togan, Taytak ve Taş Buka’nın idaresinde Altın Orda kuvvetleri bütün Trakya’yı altüst ederek Bizans’ı dehşet içinde bıraktı. Yağma kırk gün devam etti. İmparator II. Andronikos nihayet birçok fedakârlık karşılığında barış yaparak bu ordunun geri dönmesini sağladı (Howorth, II/1, s. 158-159). 1323’te “büyük prens” unvanlı Gedimin’in ülkesi Litvanya istilâ edildi. Aynı yıl Özbek Han’ın annesi Gelin Bayalun vefat etti (Hammer, s. 292-293; Howorth, II/1, s. 157-158). 727’de (1327) Tver şehrinde Özbek Han’ın yeğenlerinden ve Şiban Han neslinden Çolkan maiyetiyle birlikte katledildi. Bunun üzerine Özbek Han, Yuri Daniloviç’ten sonra Moskova knezi olan kardeşi İvan Daniloviç’i çağırarak onu büyük knez ilân etti. Ayrıca Suzdal Knezi Aleksandr Vasiloviç’i 50.000 kişilik kuvvetle takviye edip Tver knezi üzerine gönderdi. Tver knezi Novgorod’a, oradan da Gedimin’in yanına kaçtı. Özbek Han’ın büyük knez ilân ettiği İvan Daniloviç daha sonra Moskova Rusyası’nın kurucusu olacaktır (Howorth, II/1, s. 161-162; Vernadsky, s. 201-203).
Özbek Han tahta çıktığı zaman Cuci ulusunun doğu bölümü olan Gök Orda’da Orda İçen neslinden Sasi Buka hüküm sürmekteydi. Kısa bir müddet sonra oğlu İrzen Han, Özbek Han’ın yarlığı ile babasının yerine tayin edildi. Otrar, Sabran, Sığnak, Cend ve Barçkend gibi Sirideryâ şehirlerinde camiler, mescidler yaptırarak hayır işleriyle meşgul olan İrzen Han’ın (Muînüddîn-i Netanzî, s. 88) vefatının ardından Gök Orda tahtına çıkan oğlu Mübârek Hoca, istiklâl alâmeti olmak üzere Gök Orda’nın merkezi Sığnak şehrinde kendi adına 728 (1328) ve 729 (1329) tarihinde gümüş paralar darbettirmişti (Markof, s. 528). Mübârek Hoca’nın istiklâl hareketini Özbek Han şiddetle bastırdı ve isyan hareketini destekledikleri gerekçesiyle Gök Orda hânedanına son verdi. Suçlu “sol kol” oğlanlarını emîrlerinden Kıyat Astay’a “koşun” olarak bıraktı ve asalet haklarını alarak onları “kara kişi” mesabesine indirdi (Abdülgaffar Kırîmî, s. 35; Kafalı, Ötemiş Hacı’ya Göre Cuci Ulusunun Tarihi, vr. 31b ). Böylece Cuci ulusunda mevcut iki bölümlü yapı (Ak Orda [sağ kol] Gök Orda [sol kol]) Gök Orda’nın yok olmasıyla bozulmuş oldu. Doğudaki sol kol doğrudan merkeze bağlandı. 733 (1333) yılında Özbek Han’ın Kırım’da oturan sağ kol emîri Îsâ Bey’in yeğenleri Kutluğ Timur ve Hacı Bey, Podolya üzerine akın yaptı; fakat Litvanya Büyük Prensi Gedimin ve oğlu Olgerd onları durdurdu. Aynı yılın ağustos ayında Kutluğ Timur, Özbek Han adına Venedik elçilik heyetiyle Kuban ırmağı boyunda bir antlaşma imzaladı. Tana ırmağının Azak’a yakın bölümünde pazar yeri olarak kullanılacak arazi imtiyazına karşılık % 3 nisbetinde vergi ödenmesi, Venedik gemilerinin yelken sayısına göre vergi tahsili her iki tarafın temsilcileri tarafından kabul edildi (Hammer, s. 298; Howorth, II/1, s. 163).
1333’te Kırım’ın Kerç Limanı’na çıkarak Altın Orda Devleti sınırlarına giren İbn Battûta bu sırada Özbek Han’ı dünyadaki en büyük yedi hükümdardan biri diye nitelendirir. Onun cuma günleri namazdan sonra altından yapılmış, zümrüt ve kıymetli taşlarla süslü, zemin ve ayakları halis gümüşten olan tahtına oturarak kabul merasimi yaptığını, bu merasim süresince ulu hatunu Taytuğlu’nun sağ tarafında, ikinci hatunu Kebek’in onun alt tarafında, üçüncü hatunu Bayalun’un solunda, dördüncü hatunu Ordacı’nın onun aşağısında yer aldığını, tahtın alt tarafında sağda büyük oğlu Tinbeg, solda ikinci oğlu Canbeg, önünde kızı İt-Kiçicek’in oturduğunu, hatunları geldiğinde ayağa kalktığını, büyük hatununu ise kapıda karşıladığını yazar. Taytuğlu, Tinbeg ve Canbeg’in anneleri olarak çok itibarlıydı. İkinci hanımı Kebek Hatun Emîr Nangıtay’ın, üçüncü hanımı Bayalun Bizans İmparatoru III. Andronikos’un, dördüncü hanımı Ordacı ise Ulus Emîri Îsâ Bey’in kızıydı. Özbek Han, İbn Battûta’yı huzuruna kabul ederek ona iltifatlarda bulunmuş, kendisine atlar, koyunlar ve tulum içinde kımız ihsan etmişti (Seyahatnâme, I, 359-376). Özbek Han daha sonra İlhanlılar’la yeni bir mücadelenin içine girdi. İlhanlı Hükümdarı Ebû Said Bahadır Han’ın vefat haberini duyunca 736 Rebîülâhiri sonlarında (Aralık 1335) büyük bir ordu ile kış mevsimine rağmen Derbend’i geçerek Kür ırmağı boyuna ulaştı. İlhanlı ordusu da yeni hükümdar Arpa Han kumandasında ırmağın karşı yakasında yer aldı. Bu sırada çok değer verdiği, Hârizm’de oturan sol kol emîri Kutluğ Timur’un ölüm haberi gelince Özbek Han ordusuna geri dönüş emri verdi. İlhanlı ordusu da Altın Orda ordusunu takibi göze alamadı (Ebû Bekir el-Kutbî el-Âharî, s. 59; Tiesenhausen [Kazvînî], s. 93).
Özbek Han’ın İslâmiyet’i kabulünden önce darbedilen paralarında “Sultan Özbek Han, es-Sultânü’l-Âdil Özbek Han” ibarelerine rastlanırken 720’den (1320) sonraki paralarda “es-Sultânü’l-a‘zam Gıyâseddin Muhammed Özbek Han el-Âdil” şeklinde bir ibare görülmektedir (Fraehn, s. 6-10; Lane-Poole, VI, 125-131). Özbek Han’ın 740 yılında (1340) vefat ettiği konusunda kaynaklar birleşir. En son darbedilen paraları 740 tarihliydi (Lane-Poole, VI, 130; Markof, s. 449) ve Bulgar ile Saray şehirlerinde basılmıştı. Oğlu Canbeg Han’ın ilk paralarının da 740 tarihini taşıması ölümünün bu yılda vuku bulduğuna şüphe bırakmaz. Bütün kaynaklar Özbek Han’ı dirayetli, akıllı, muktedir bir hükümdar olarak nitelendirir. Onun zamanında Altın Orda Hanlığı haşmet devrine ulaşmış, uzun süren saltanatında Cuci ulusu altın çağını yaşamıştı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Reşîdüddin, Şu‘b-i Pençgâne, TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 2937, vr. 113a ; İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme, I, 359-376; Hâfız-ı Ebrû, Ẕeyl-i Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Hânbâbâ Beyânî), Tahran 1317 hş., s. 84-86; Uluğ Bey, Şeceretü’l-Etrâk, British Museum, Add., nr. 26190, vr. 122b -123b ; Abdullah b. Ali Kâşânî, Târîḫ-i Olcaytu, Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3019, vr. 188a -207b , 210a -212b ; Ebû Bekir el-Kutbî el-Âharî, Târîḫ-i Şeyḫ Uveys (nşr. J. B. van Loon), ’s-Gravenhage 1954, s. 52, 59; Ebülgazi Bahadır Han, Şecere-i Türk (nşr. L. Baron Desmaisons), Petersburg 1871-74; a.e.: Türk Şeceresi (nşr. Rıza Nur), İstanbul 1925, s. 174; Muînüddîn-i Netanzî, Münteḫabü’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. J. Aubin), Tahran 1336 hş., s. 88, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Hammer, Geschichte der Goldenen Horde im Kiptschak, Pesth 1840, s. 292-293, 298; Abdülgaffar Kırîmî, Umdetü’t-tevârîh (nşr. Necib Âsım), İstanbul 1343, s. 32-36; Ch. Fraehn, Die Münzen der Chane vom Ulus Dschutschi’s oder von der Goldenen Horde, Petersburg-Leipzig 1832, s. 6-10; H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, London 1876-1927, II/1, s. 157-159, 161-163; S. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum, London 1881, VI, 125-131; W. G. Tiesenhausen, Sbornik Materyalof Otnosiaşçihsiya k Istorii Zolotay Ordu, I, Petersburg 1884 (Aynî, s. 371; Nüveyrî, s. 287, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306; Birzâlî, s. 315-318; el-Mufaddal, s. 344-346; nşr. A. A. Romaskoviç – S. L. Volin, II), Moskova-Leningrad 1941 (Kazvînî, s. 93); A. K. Markov, Inventarniy Katalog musulmanskih monet imperatorskago ermitaja, Petersburg 1892, s. 444, 449, 528; W. de. Tiesenhausen, Altınordu Devleti Tarihine Ait Metinler (trc. İsmail Hakkı İzmirli), İstanbul 1941, I, 287-411; Zeki Velidî Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul 1946, I, tür.yer.; G. Vernadsky, The Mongols and Russia, New Haven 1953, s. 199-200, 201-203; A. Yu Yokubovskiy, Altın Ordu ve İnhitatı (trc. Hasan Eren), İstanbul 1955, tür.yer.; Mustafa Kafalı, Ötemiş Hacı’ya Göre Cuci Ulusunun Tarihi (doktora tezi, 1965), İÜ Ktp., nr. 4086, vr. 27b -28b , 29a , 31b , 32a -34a ; a.mlf., Altın Orda Hanlığının Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul 1976, s. 73-82.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 107-109 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.