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ÖZÜ Skip to content ÖZÜ Günümüzde Ukrayna sınırları içinde bulunan tarihî bir kale ve şehir.
Müellif: Temel Öztürk
Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde, Aksu/Bog/Buğ (eski adı İpanin) nehriyle Özü (Dinyeper) nehrinin döküldüğü kıyı gölünün kuzey kenarında Kılburun karşısında önemli bir yarımada üzerinde bulunur. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanından beri kullanılan Özü (Özi) kelimesi Oçakof’un Türkçe karşılığıdır. Buranın antik dönemde Olpia (Olpiapolis) olarak bilindiği, ayrıca Miletliler tarafından kurulduğu için Miletopolis adını taşıdığı belirtilir. Daha sonra Strabon’a göre yerleşme yeri nehrin adıyla Voristenis (Lat. Boristenis) şeklinde anılmıştır. Ancak Olpia şehrinin Özü’den uzakta olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Bu bakımdan Özü’nün bulunduğu yerde tarihi antik döneme inen bir yerleşme olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Özü’nün 1400’lü yıllarda Litvanyalılar tarafından Daşiv adıyla bir askerî istihkâm şeklinde oluşturulduğu da öne sürülür. Ancak muhtemelen Özü Kalesi’nin nüvesi 1490’larda Kırım Hanlığı’nın yaptırdığı askerî istihkâma dayanır. Cankirman ismiyle anılan bu küçük Tatar kalesi, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Karaboğdan seferi sonrasında (945/1538) kesin biçimde Osmanlı idaresi altına girmiş olmalıdır. Bazı kaynaklarda ise buranın Alektor adlı kadim bir Grek şehri üzerinde 897’de (1492) Mengli Giray tarafından yaptırıldığı ve Karakerman isminin verildiği belirtilir. Osmanlı idaresi altına girmesinin ardından kale ve küçük yerleşim yeri “Cankirman nâm-ı dîger Özi” şeklinde Osmanlı resmî belgelerinde geçmeye başlamıştır. Osmanlı kaynaklarında Özü hem bölge hem nehrin adı olarak kullanılmıştır. Bunun ise nehrin adının Türkçe telaffuzundan geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Osmanlılar bölgeyi ele geçirdiklerinde burayı Silistre livâsına bağladılar. 949 (1542) tarihli bir kayıtta bir kaza şeklinde kaydedilir (BA, TD, nr. 215, s. 6). Bu yıllarda kaza Akkirman livâsının bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Silistre-Akkirman’ın müşterek bir sancak olarak zikredildiği 977 (1570) tarihinde Özü Akkirman’a bağlı gösterilmiştir (BA, TD, nr. 483, s. 112-115).
Özü nehri boyundaki Kazaklar’ın Karadeniz’e çıkış noktasında bulunması sebebiyle kalenin önemi giderek arttı. 1583-1584’te Kazaklar’ın Akkirman’a uzanan saldırıları Osmanlılar’ı yeni tedbirler almaya zorladı. Özü 1584’te sancak haline getirildi (BA, MD, nr. 52, s. 291). 996-997 (1588-1589) yılı kayıtlarına göre Kazaklar Özü’yü ateşe verdi. 1589’da Osmanlılar karşı harekâta giriştilerse de 999’da (1591) Kazaklar tekrar Özü’ye girdiler. Muhtemelen bu siyasî ve askerî gerekçelerle XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında (1002/1593) Rumeli beylerbeyiliğinden ayırılarak müstakil bir beylerbeyilik haline getirildi (BA, MD, nr. 53, s. 137) ve buraya Silistre, Niğbolu, Çirmen, Vize, Kırkkilise, Bender, Akkirman, Kili ve Kılburun sancakları bağlandı. Osmanlılar, Özü’yü Karadeniz ve Tuna yalılarının kilidi olarak görüyordu. Ayn Ali Efendi’nin eserinde ise Özü bir sancak şeklinde zikredilir (Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân, s. 12). Bu durum Ayn Ali Efendi’nin daha eski defterleri kullanmasından kaynaklanmış olabilir. Nitekim XVII. yüzyıl kayıtlarında Özü eyalet diye anılır. IV. Murad döneminde hazırlanmış 1041-1042 (1631-1632) tarihli bir idarî taksimat defterinde Özü müstakil bir beylerbeyilik olarak zikredilmekte, eyalete tâbi sancaklar içerisinde yukarıdakilerden Kili ve Kılburun dışında Vidin ve Azak da belirtilmektedir. Yine bu deftere göre Özü eyaletinin biri beylerbeyi tasarrufunda olan üç sancağı (Silistre, Akkirman, Bender) arpalık olarak tahsis edilmiştir (Turan, s. 206, 212). Eyalette bir beylerbeyi, bir kadı, bir kaptan ve bir defterdar bulunmaktaydı.
Şehrin kalesi 1016’da (1607) yeniden inşa edildi ve içine çok sayıda muhafız yerleştirildi. 1039’da (1629-30) Özü’yü koruyabilmek için nehir etrafında birçok askerî istihkâm yapılmıştı (BA, TD, nr. 808, s. 1-9). Nitekim daha XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında Aksu nehrinin iki yakasına kale yapıldığı gibi Özü üzerinde Doğan Geçidi denilen yerde de bir başka kale inşa edilmişti (BA, MD, nr. 83, s. 1). Özü Kalesi ve yöresiyle ilgili en geniş bilgi XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında buradan geçen Evliya Çelebi tarafından verilir. Öncelikle Evliya Çelebi kaleyi “Cankirman yani Özi” şeklinde anarak Cankirman adının burası için mahallî de olsa kullanıldığını gösterir. Ayrıca Özü isminin nehrin adından kaynaklandığını da belirtir. Ona göre Özü Kalesi birbirine bitişik üç kaleden oluşuyordu. Eski kale bayır üstünde Macar Ali Paşa tarafından inşa edilmişti. Burada tahta minareli bir cami, mahkeme binası, 200 ev, yirmi kadar dükkân mevcuttu. Buna bitişik orta hisar önce ağaçtan yapılmış iken IV. Murad zamanında 1036’da (1626-27) Piyâle Paşa burayı taştan yeniden inşa ettirmişti. Bu kale içinde padişahın adına bir cami yaptırılmıştı, içinde de 100 ev vardı. Üçüncü kısım yine aynı tarihte Çatalcalı Hasan Paşa tarafından inşa ettirilmiş ve Özü nehrinin kıyısına kadar indirilmişti. Kıyıda olduğundan son derece iyi tahkim edilmiş tabyalara sahipti. Burada da IV. Murad Camii, 300 ev, otuz dükkân vardı. Evliya Çelebi bu kalenin 500 adım kadar güneyinde Eflak ve Boğdanlılar’ın 500 civarında saz örtülü evlerinin bulunduğunu, 200 dükkânın çoğunun bozahâne, meyhâne, at değirmeni, yedisinin han, 100’ünün mahzen olduğunu yazar. Eski kalenin üst yanında batıya doğru 300 Nogay obası vardı. Bu bilgiler, askerî önemi büyük olan Özü’de sivil yerleşimin kale dışına da yayıldığına işaret eder. Aynı tarihlerde Özü Kalesi’nin ilerisinde nehrin denize döküldüğü yerde Küçük Hasan Paşa ufak bir kale daha inşa ettirmişti. Evliya Çelebi 1068 Muharreminde (Ekim 1657) burada iken kalenin Kazak saldırısına uğradığını belirterek yapılan savaşı anlatır (Seyahatnâme, V, 94-108). Ayrıca kalenin önünde bir iskelesi bulunduğu, küçük bir filonun bu sularda görev yaptığı, Akkirman, Kili ve İsmâil’e buradan mal taşındığı bilinmektedir.
Özü’nün askerî önemi XVIII. yüzyılda daha da arttı. Özellikle Rus baskısı karşısında buraya asker takviyesi yapıldı. Karadeniz’e çıkışın kilidi olan Azak, Kerç Boğazı, Bender ve Özü üzerinde Ruslar bu yüzyılda büyük mücadeleler verdiler. 1700 barışı sonucu Rus elçisine Özü Kalesi’nin durumu hakkında bilgi toplama görevi de verildi. Çar Petro, Özü nehrini takiben Karadeniz’e çıkmak istedi ve Özü nehrinin aşağısına iki önemli kale yaptırdı. Ruslar’ın Özü yönündeki en önemli faaliyetleri 1736-1739 savaşında kendini gösterdi. Bu savaşta Özü Ruslar’ın eline geçti (11 Temmuz 1737). Ancak 1739 antlaşmasıyla bütün istihkâmlarını yıktıktan sonra burayı yeniden Osmanlılar’a teslim etti. Savaşın ardından Ruslar 1768-1774 savaşı ile ciddi ilerleme kaydettiler. 1787’de Ruslar, Özü Kalesi’nin kendilerine teslimi dahil olmak üzere birtakım tekliflerde bulundular ve II. Katerina’nın sıcak denizlere inme projesinin en önemli aşamasını uygulamaya koydular. Buna karşılık Osmanlılar, Ruslar’a karşı savaş kararı aldı. 1787’de başlayan Osmanlı-Rus savaşında Özü Ruslar’ın ana hedefi oldu. 1788 Aralığında Rus Mareşali Suvarov, Özü Kalesi’ne saldırdı ve o sırada hüküm süren şiddetli kışın da etkisiyle kale müdafileri fazla dayanamadı. Yardıma gelen Osmanlı filosu da başarısızlığa uğradı. Kaleyi ele geçiren Ruslar 20.000 kadar sivil halkı tamamen katletti (1789). Rus işgali öncesinde Özü’nün nüfusunun 25.000 dolayında olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Özü’nün kaybedildiği haberini alan I. Abdülhamid’in üzüntüsünden hayatını kaybettiği belirtilir. Özü’nün Ruslar’ın eline geçmesi Akdeniz’deki çıkarları tehlikeye düşebilecek olan İngilizler’in tepkisine yol açtı. William Pitt, Özü Kalesi’nin Ruslar’a bırakılmaması yönünde parlamentoda tartışma başlattı (Oçakof krizi), fakat bir netice alınamadı. 1792 Yaş Antlaşması’yla resmen Rusya’ya bırakılan Özü, 1855’te Kırım savaşı sırasında müttefik güçlerin kısa süreli işgaline uğradı. 1897’de burada 10.784 kişi yaşıyordu. Bugün Özü küçük bir sahil kasabası özelliği taşır. 2000’de nüfusu yaklaşık 16.900 idi. XV. yüzyılda yapıldığı sanılan bir cami Suvorov Müzesi olarak hizmet vermektedir. Burası 1804’te St. Nicholas adıyla kiliseye çevrilmiş ve 1842’de Rus stilinde yeniden inşa edilmiştir. 1997’de Türk Tarih Kurumu ile Ukrayna Bilimler Akademisi’nin kalede gerçekleştirdiği kazı çalışmalarında Osmanlı dönemine ait pek çok obje ve bulgu elde edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD, nr. 748, s. 1-8; nr. 751, s. 1-2; nr. 753, s. 2-3, 8-9, 12-17; nr. 847, s. 75; BA, MAD, nr. 1885, s. 2-9; nr. 2340, s. 6, 58; nr. 2596, s. 14-15; nr. 3162, s. 256-290; nr. 3609, s. 396; nr. 3882, s. 134-143, 152-155, 278-279; nr. 6062, s. 4-9; BA, MD, nr. 3, s. 186, 188, 190; nr. 69, s. 42; nr. 70, s. 42; nr. 71, s. 169; nr. 83, s. 2, 9, 12, 14, 15-19, 23-29, 31, 41-44, 47, 71, 73, 79; Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), s. 214; Ayn Ali, Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân, s. 12, 40; Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe), I, 43, 66-85; II, 48-51, 60-65; III, 22-25; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), V, 94-108; Naîmâ, Târih, II, 118-119, 317, 340, 356, 398; III, 322; IV, 15; Mehmed Emnî Beyefendi (Paşa)’nin Rusya Sefâreti ve Sefâret-nâmesi (haz. M. Münir Aktepe), Ankara 1974, neşredenin girişi, s. 14; Çeşmîzâde, Târih (nşr. Bekir Kütükoğlu), İstanbul 1993, s. 18-27, 78-81; Necati Efendi, Târih-i Kırım: Rusya Sefâretnâmesi (haz. Erhan Afyoncu, yüksek lisans tezi, 1990), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 52-56; Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel), s. 108; Akdes Nimet Kurat, İsveç Kıralı XII Karl’ın Türkiyede Kalışı ve Bu Sıralarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İstanbul 1943, s. 5, 43, 70; Şerafettin Turan, “XVII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun İdarî Taksimatı (H. 1041/M. 1631-1632 Tarihli İdarî Taksimat Defteri)”, Atatürk Üniversitesi 1961 Yıllığı, Ankara 1963, s. 201-232; M. Kemal Özergin, “Rumeli Kadılıklarında 1078 Düzenlemesi”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan, Ankara 1976, s. 251-309; İ. Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eyâlete: 1550-1650, İstanbul 1978, s. 186-188; M. Murat Öntuğ, Özü ile İlgili XVII. Yüzyıl Mühimme Hükümleri ve Kalesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1995), Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 7-8, 20-28, 41-52; Fehameddin Başar, Osmanlı Eyâlet Tevcihâtı (1717-1730), Ankara 1997, s. 52-53; P. L. İnciciyan – H. D. Andreasyan, “Osmanlı Rumelisi’nin Tarih ve Coğrafyası”, GDAAD, sy. 4-5 (1975-76), s. 109-152; H.-J. Kornrumpf, “Südrussland und die Krım um 1740”, OA, IX (1989), s. 244-247; V. H. Aksan, “Manning a Black Sea Garrison in the Eighteenth Century: Ochakov and Concepts of Mutiny and Rebellion in the Ottoman Context”, IJTS, VIII/1-2 (2002), s. 63-72; C. Finkel – V. Ostapchuk, “Outpost of Empire: An Appraisal of Ottoman Buildig Registers ss Sources for the Archeology and Construction History of the Black Sea Fortress of Özi”, An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, XXII, Leiden 2005, s. 150-188; Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, II, 1065; S. Soucek, “Özi”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 236.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 133-134 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.