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PADİŞAH Skip to content PADİŞAH İslâm devletlerinde çok geniş ülkelere sahip hükümdarlara verilen unvan.
Müellif: Halil İnalcık
Sözlükte “iktidar sahibi kimse, hükümdar” anlamına gelen Farsça pâdşâh kelimesi (Pehlevîce pâtahşa ), Osmanlı hükümdarlarının unvanları arasında örfî hükümdarlık sıfatlarını ifade eden başlıca unvan olarak kullanılmıştır. İlk Osmanlı kaynaklarından Ahmedî’nin İskendernâme’sinde Orhan ve I. Murad için bey (beg) unvanı ile beraber padişah unvanı yer alır. İbn Battûta, Kastamonu Candaroğlu beyini Süleyman Padişah (başka kaynaklarda Süleyman Paşa) olarak kaydeder. 850’de (1446) yazılan tarihî takvimde Osmanlı padişahları ile Karaman padişahlarından bahsedilir. Fakat aynı kaynakta Büyük Selçuklular için şahinşah unvanı kullanılır.
XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda Osmanlı hükümdarları, İslâmî sultan unvanı ile beraber örfî hükümdarlık sıfatlarını ifade eden resmî unvan olarak bey ve han unvanlarını tercih etmişlerdir. XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Timur’un kullandığı beg unvanı önem kazanır ve Osmanlı hükümdarları resmî yazılarda bey veya emîr unvanını kullanmaya devam ederler. II. Murad, II. Mehmed, hatta II. Bayezid, hıristiyan devletleriyle yaptıkları antlaşmalarda bey veya emîr unvanına yer verdikleri gibi çağdaş Batı hıristiyan belgelerinde de daima bu unvanla anılırlar. Buna karşılık İslâm hükümdarları ile muhaberelerde, kitâbe ve beratlarda İslâmî sultan unvanı tercih edilir. Han unvanına gelince bunun yine örfî hükümdarlık sıfatıyla ilgili olarak I. Murad’dan itibaren kullanıldığı görülür. Orta Asya ve Altın Orda’da yalnız Cengiz Han soyundan gelenlerin benimsediği han unvanı Osmanlılar’da kayser gibi uzak bir geleneğe bağlı müphem bir unvan olarak kullanılmaktaydı. Ancak I. Bayezid’den sonra Timur ve oğullarının iddiaları karşısında Osmanlı hükümdarları bağımsızlık endişesiyle bu unvana hususi bir önem vermeye başlamışlardı; büyük bir ihtimalle hânedanın Oğuz Han’a bağlanması da bununla ilgili olarak bu zamanda ortaya çıkmıştır.
Osmanlı hükümdarları, sikke sahibi müslüman hükümdarlar olarak Orhan Bey’den itibaren sultan unvanını kullanmışlardır (I. Osman için eski kaynaklarda yalnız gazi ve bey unvanları yer alır). Orhan Bey (1324-1362) başlangıçta “sultânü’l-guzât” (Orhan Camii kitâbesi), İlhanlı Ebû Saîd Bahadır Han’ın ölümü üzerine “es-sultânü’l-a‘zam” unvanını kullanmıştır. Selçuklu unvan usulünün bir taklidi olan I. Murad’ın 777 (1375-76) tarihli köprü kitâbesindeki unvanları dikkate değer: “el-Melikü’l-âdil el-gāzî es-sultânü’l-a‘zam gıyâsü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn ebü’l-feth Murad Han b. Orhan.” XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda Osmanlı hükümdarları, hâkimiyet ve nüfuzlarının temeli olarak “sultânü’l-guzât ve’l-mücâhidîn” sıfatını benimsemişler ve bütün unvanlarına gazi sıfatını eklemeye özel bir dikkat göstermişlerdir (Hudâvendigâr-ı gāzî, pâdişâh-ı gāzî gibi). Mısır Memlük sultanları da onlara halifeye tâbi uç beyleri (sâhibü’l-ucât) nazarı ile bakarlardı. II. Bayezid dahi aynı unvanla anılmıştır (İbn İyâs, II, 227; Osmanlı kaynaklarında beg-i ucât, İstanbul’un Fethinden Önce Yazılmış Tarihî Takvimler, s. 82). Osmanlı hükümdarları için XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda “büyük hükümdar, imparator” mânasında daha ziyade hudâvendigâr (hundkâr, hûndgâr, hünkâr ve hudâvend-i a‘zam şekilleriyle birlikte) unvanı kullanılmaktaydı. J. M. Angiolello’ya göre hünkâr unvanı Türkler’ce Batı’daki imparator unvanından daha büyük bir anlam taşımaktaydı. Hudâvendigâr-ı gāzî unvanını alan I. Murad’dan sonra Osmanlı hükümdarları bu unvanla anılmış ve resmî belgelerde de bu unvan kullanılmıştır (Hicrî 836 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, s. 26). Orhan Bey’in metbûu sayılan İlhanlı hükümdarları tarafından kullanılan hudâvendigâr unvanı I. Murad’ın ilk defa Anadolu beylikleri üzerinde metbûluk kurmasıyla ilgili olabilir.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed için kanunnâmesinin dîbâcesinde diğer unvanlar arasında hudâvend-i a‘zam unvanı da geçer. Hudâvendigâr yerine sonraları “en büyük hükümdar, imparator” mânasında padişah unvanı umumileşmiş ve yerleşmiştir. Şüphesiz padişah unvanı daha önce de kullanılmıştır (850/1446 tarihli Takvîm’deki şu ifade bilhassa kayda değer: “Sultan Murad Han b. Mehmed Han pâdişah olalıdan … cemî Osman oğlanlarının fahrı ve Selçukī’den beri padişahların güzîdesi ve yegânesidir”). Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın nâmelerinde ise bu tabire, “nice diyarın sultanı ve padişahı” veya “kılıcımız ile fetholunmuş nice memleketlerin padişahı Sultan Süleyman Şah b. Sultan Selim Şah Han” şeklinde rastlanır. En çok görülen şekil ise “pâdişâh-i âlem-penâh” terkibidir. Batılılar padişah unvanını daima “imparator” şeklinde tercüme etmişlerdir. Bazı terkiplerde padişah yerine kelimenin kökü olan şah tercih edilir. İran’da rakip olarak yükselen Safevîler eski şahinşah (şehinşah) unvanını benimsemişlerdir. Bu, Osmanlı hükümdarlarının padişah unvanına umumi ve resmî bir mahiyet vermelerine sebep olmuş olabilir. Şah I. Abbas, 998 (1590) tarihli bir nâmesinde (TSMA, nr. E. 1018) III. Murad’a şahinşah unvanı ile hitap etmiştir ki bu iki unvanın derece itibarı ile eşit sayıldığına bir delil kabul edilebilir.
Devletin gazi uç beyliğinden Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın cihanşümul imparatorluğuna kadar inkişafı sırasında Osmanlı hükümdarının yetkileri de gelişmiştir. Yazıcıoğlu Ali Târîh-i Âl-i Selçûk’unda, Osman Gazi’nin Oğuz Han’ın meşrû vârisi Kayı soyundan olmakla eski Türk töresine göre Türkmen beyleri tarafından han seçilmiş olduğunu iddia etmiştir. Bununla Osmanlı hânedanının Anadolu’da bütün Türkmenler üzerinde meşrû hâkimiyete sahip bulunduğunu belirtmek istiyordu. Osmanlılar böylece bilhassa Timur oğulları karşısında bağımsızlık, hatta üstünlük iddialarına da meşruiyet kazandırmak gayesini gütmekteydiler. II. Bayezid devrinde yazılmış derleme tarihlerde ise Osmanlı hânedanında hâkimiyetin menşei üzerinde çeşitli görüşler yer almıştır. Bunlarda Oğuz Han soyundan gelme iddiası yanında hâkimiyetin doğrudan doğruya Tanrı tarafından mübarek bir kişi (Edebâli) vasıtası ile Osman’a bağlanmış olduğu telakkisi de yer alır. İslâm memleketlerinde sûfîliğin yayılmasıyla önem kazanan bu sonuncu telakkide kağanla şaman arasındaki münasebete dair geleneksel inançların bir tesiri bulunabilir. Aynı kaynaklara göre Osman Gazi’ye beylik yani siyasî hâkimiyet kılıç, bayrak ve davul gibi hâkimiyet alâmetleriyle Selçuklu sultanı tarafından tevcih edilmiştir. Bu alâmetler İslâm’da halifenin velâyet suretiyle hâkimiyet ve icra yetkisini valilere, sultanlara tevcihinde kullanılırdı. Böylece Selçuklu sultanı halifeden aldığı yetkileri gazi uç beyine intikal ettirmiş sayılıyordu.
Osmanlı hükümdarları Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’e kadar Hıristiyanlığa karşı İslâmî gazânın önderleri sayılmıştır. Hatta II. Bayezid devrinde bile Mısır sultanı kendisine halife tarafından menşur göndertmiş ve kâfir memleketlerinden fetihlerde bulunmak üzere kendisinin “Rum bilâdına kaymakam” yapıldığını iddia etmiştir (İbn İyâs, II, 227). Mısır Memlük sultanları, Mekke ile Medine’yi ve hac yollarını himaye ettikleri ve Kahire’de Abbâsî halifelerini yanlarında bulundurdukları için kendilerini İslâm âleminin en nüfuzlu ve üstün sultanları sayarlardı. Fakat Osmanlılar’ın şaşırtıcı ilerleyişi ve özellikle İstanbul’un fethi gazâyı İslâm âleminde siyasî nüfuz ve kudretin başlıca kaynağı haline getirdi. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed bile Memlük sultanlarına karşı üstünlük iddiasında bulundu. II. Bayezid ise kendi emriyle yazılmış olan Kemalpaşazâde tarihinin mukaddimesinde Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’den sonra gelmiş müslüman hükümdarların en büyüğü olarak nitelendirilir.
Klasik anlamda Osmanlı padişahı tipi, devlet içinde mutlak örfî hâkimiyet yetkisiyle Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in şahsında ortaya çıkmış, kudretini Yavuz Sultan Selim ve Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında kazanmıştır. Fâtih kendini, Rumeli ve Anadolu’nun hâkimi ve İstanbul’un sahibi sıfatı ile Roma kayserlerinin vârisi ve her şeyden önce İslâm’ın en büyük cihad mümessili saymaktaydı. 1509’da Portekizliler, Hint Okyanusu’nda Memlükler’in donanmasını yok ederek Kızıldeniz’e girmek, Hz. Peygamber’in mezarına saldırmak tehdidinde bulundukları zaman bütün İslâm âleminin gözü gazânın önderi olan Osmanlı padişahına çevrildi. Memlükler’e yardım için Mısır’a Osmanlı gemicileri gönderildi. Bu suretle Memlükler de Osmanlılar’ın gazâ yolu ile İslâm âleminde üstünlüğünü tanımış oluyordu. Yavuz Sultan Selim, 24 Ağustos 1516’da Mercidâbık zaferinden hemen sonra Halep’te “hâdimü’l-Haremeyni’ş-şerîfeyn” unvanını kullandı. Kahire’ye giderek Abbâsî Halifesi Mütevekkil-Alellah’ı İstanbul’a gönderdi. Mekke Şerifi Ebû Nümey kendisine bağlılığını bildirdi. Hilâfet alâmetleri olan Hz. Peygamber’in hırkası, sancağı ve diğer mukaddes emanetler İstanbul’a getirilerek özel bir hazineye konuldu. Mütevekkil’in Ayasofya Camii’nde hilâfeti resmen Yavuz Sultan Selim’e terkettiği hakkında yayılmış olan rivayet (D’Ohsson, I, 269 vd.) dönemin kaynaklarının hiçbirinde bulunmaz. Yavuz Sultan Selim için önemli olan şey halife unvanını kullanıp kullanmamak değil (XIII. asırdan sonra her İslâm hükümdarı bu unvanı kullanmakta kendini serbest hissediyordu ve Yavuz Sultan Selim’den önce Osmanlı hükümdarları bu unvanı kullanmışlardı; bk. Öz, I/4 [1941], s. 243), fakat hâdimü’l-Haremeyni’ş-şerîfeyn unvanı ile beraber hilâfet alâmetlerini muhafaza etmek, Mısır Memlük sultanlarının İslâm âlemindeki yerini almak, Osmanlı sultanını uç gazi hükümdarı durumundan fiilen hilâfetin sahibi ve koruyucusu durumuna yükselmektir. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, Mekke şerifine yazdığı cülûs mektubunda “hâdimü beytillâh ve’l-Harem” unvanını kullanmış ve kendisinin el-hilâfetü’l-kübrâ makamına oturduğunu bildirmiştir. Şerif de cevabında padişahı gazâda kazandığı başarılar dolayısıyla kendisinden ve bütün diğer İslâm hükümdarlarından üstün saymaktaydı (Feridun Bey, I, 501).
Bununla beraber bu çağda Abbâsîler devrindeki mûtat hilâfet telakkisinin çoktan tarihe mal olduğu ve Osmanlı sultanlarının o mânada bir hilâfet iddiasına kalkışmadıkları muhakkaktır. Osmanlı padişahlarının kullandığı halîfe-i rûy-i zemîn ve halîfetü’l-müslimîn unvanları tarihî-hukukî anlamından uzaktı. Hindistan’da Hint-Türk padişahları, Osmanlı hükümdarının İslâm âlemindeki üstünlük iddialarını hoş karşılamadıklarını belli etmişlerdir (a.g.e. , II, 63-67). II. Bayezid’den itibaren Osmanlı padişahının hükümdarlık ve devlet telakkisi şeriata gittikçe daha uygun bir hale getirilmeye çalışılmış, örfî tasarrufları giderek sınırlandırılmıştır. Ancak XVIII. yüzyılda Osmanlılar, Abbâsî hilâfet telakkisini canlandırmışlar ve padişahı bütün müslümanların tek meşrû halifesi olarak görmeye başlamışlardır. XVIII. asırda İranlılar ile yapılan antlaşmalarda bu temayül açıkça kendini gösterir. 1774 Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’nda Kırım müslümanlarının dinî bakımdan Osmanlı padişahına bağlılığı hakkındaki 3. madde sonradan Rusya’ya verilen bir takrirle açıklanmıştır (metin için bk. Cevdet, II, 302 vd.). Buna göre, “Tatar kavmi bi’l-ittifak bir hanı intihap eylediklerinde, hâdimü’l-Haremeyni’ş-şerîfeyn ve imâmü’l-müslimîn olan pâdişâh-ı Âl-i Osman hazretlerine ber muktezâ-yı hilâfet-i uzmâ arz ve inhâ ve sultânü’l-müslimîn hazretleri dahi bir gûnâ ta‘lîl ve ta‘vîk etmeksizin der‘akab nişân-ı şerîf-i hilâfet-penâhî îtâ ve teşrifâtını irsâl eyleye.” Bundan başka hutbede ve sikkelerde Osmanlı padişahının adı geçecek, Kırım kadılarına İstanbul’dan kazasker tarafından “izn-i şer‘î mürâselesi” verilecektir. Bu belgeye göre aynı zamanda iki halife (ictimâ-i halîfeteyn) olamaz. Bu sebeple Kırım hanı halifeden berat alır. Bu maddeyi daha açık hale koyan 1779 Aynalıkavak tenkihnâmesine göre (a.g.e. , II, 329) Kırım halkı mebuslarını gönderip padişahı imâmü’l-mü’minîn ve halîfe-i a‘zam-ı muvahhidîn tanıdıklarını bildirecek ve seçtikleri han için misal (berat) gönderilmesini ve padişahın takdîs-i şer‘îsini dileyeceklerdir. Fakat bu durumun Kırım hanlarının dünya ve devlet işlerinde bağımsızlığına halel getirmeyeceği ayrıca belirtilmiştir. Burada halifenin siyasî ve dinî yetkilerini ayırt etmesi ve siyasî haklarından vazgeçmesi Rusya’nın baskısı ile kabul edilmiş bir durumdur. Bu durum, Osmanlı hükümdarının hilâfet yetkilerini örfî padişahlık yetkilerinden ayırıp müstakil olarak icra etme iddiasının ilk ifadesidir. XIX. yüzyılda Tanzimat devrinde gayri müslim tebaayı devlete bağlamak için de padişahın örfî hükümdarlık sıfatının belirtilmesine önem verilmiş, bütün Osmanlılar’ın hükümdarı sıfatı bütün müslümanların hükümdarı sıfatı yanında ayrı bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkmış ve her ikisi 1876 Kānûn-ı Esâsîsi’nde şu şekilde ifadesini bulmuştur: “Zât-ı hazret-i pâdişâhî hasbe’l-hilâfe dîn-i mübîn-i İslâm’ın hâmisi ve bi’l-cümle tebaa-i Osmâniyye’nin hükümdar ve pâdişahıdır” (md. 4); “Saltanat-ı seniyye-i Osmâniyye hilâfet-i kübrâ-i İslâmiyye’yi hâiz olarak sülâle-i Âl-i Osmân’dan usûl-i kadîme vechile ekber-i evlâda aittir” (md. 3). 1922’de saltanatı ilga eden kanun Osmanlı hükümdarının padişah olarak hâkimiyet haklarının tamamıyla millete geçtiğini, fakat halifelik sıfat ve yetkilerinin hânedanda devam ettiğini onaylamaktaydı.
Osmanlı padişahının örfî hükümranlık yetkilerine gelince bunun bir taraftan Orta Asya Türk devlet geleneğine, diğer taraftan Yakındoğu’daki kadim imparatorluk geleneklerine bağlı olduğunda şüphe olmamakla beraber gerçekte Osmanlı padişahı daha ziyade Osmanlı tarihinin bir ürünüdür. Bazı Osmanlı müellifleri, bu arada XV. yüzyılda Tursun Bey Gazzâlî, İbn Sînâ, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî gibi İslâm düşünürlerini izleyerek Osmanlı padişahının mutlak örfî hükümranlık haklarına nazarî bir temel bulmayı denemiştir. Tursun Bey’in padişah yetkileri ve tebaa hakkında tarihinin mukaddimesinde yazdıklarına göre içtimaî nizamı korumak için her insanı kabiliyetine göre kendi mevkiinde hakkına razı tutmak ve başkasının hukukuna saldırmaktan menetmek gerekir; bu da bir padişahın varlığını zaruri kılar. Padişah olmazsa nizam olmaz, insanlar birbirini yok eder. Bu sebeple padişaha mutlak itaat gerekir; Kur’an da bunu emreder. Padişah istediği gibi yüksektekileri alçaltır, aşağıdakileri yükseltir. Tanrı’nın zâtına mahsus olan bu sıfat yani mutlak hâkimiyet onda belirir. Fakat bu yetki adalet dairesinde kullanılmalıdır. Adaletsiz ülke ayakta durmaz. Adalet insanlar arasında düzenin temelidir. Osmanlı padişahları bu mutlak hâkimiyeti fiilen ve hukuken kendi şahıslarında bilmişlerdir. Hatta Avrupa’da yeni çağların başında Machiavelli ve Jean Bodin gibi nazariyeciler mutlak hükümdar örnekleri arasında Osmanlı padişahlarına geniş yer vermişlerdir. Osmanlı padişahları İslâm tarihinde belki en ziyade merkeziyetçi ve mutlakiyetçi hükümdarlar sayılabilir. Onlar yalnız idarî sahada bu mutlakiyetin bir vasıtası olarak devletin icra yetkilerini yalnız kendi kullarına vermek, toprak üzerinde devlet kontrolünü kurmakla kalmamışlar, aynı zamanda ilmiye sınıfını teşkilâtlandırmak ve devlet hizmetine sokmak, her türlü vakfı devlet kontrolü altına almak suretiyle merkeziyetçi güçlerini o zamana kadar hiçbir İslâm devletinde görülmemiş şekilde kuvvetlendirmişlerdir.
Padişahın örfî sahada mutlak hâkimiyetini gösteren hukukî müessese hüküm, irade, ferman, berat, hatt-ı hümâyun adları altında gösterilen emir yetkisi teşkil eder. Bu belgelerde padişah emir ve iradesini “buyurdum ki” tabiriyle belirtir. Yalnız her türlü tayin ve tevcih belgeleri (berât-ı pâdişâhî), her çeşit icra emirleri (fermân-ı pâdişâhî) değil aynı zamanda kanunlar da bir hüküm şekli içinde bir padişah iradesi olarak duyurulur. 1876 Kānûn-ı Esâsîsi dahi bir irâde-i seniyye şeklinde ilân edilmiştir. Kānûn-ı Esâsî’de 1908’den sonra yapılan değişiklikle “irâdât-ı seniyye”nin kanunî mahiyeti kabul edilmekle beraber sahası tayin ve tesbit olunmuştur. Bütün berat ve fermanlar padişahın tuğrasını taşırdı. Ancak şer‘î belgeler, özellikle vakfiyeler kendi geleneksel şekilleri içinde düzenlenir ve yalnız padişahın beratı ile tayin edilmiş şer‘î yetkililer tarafından onaylanırdı.
Padişah şeriatı uygulamaya ve muhafazaya mecburdur. Padişahın mutlak yetkisi şeriat sınırında durur. Yavuz Sultan Selim’den sonra ve bilhassa gerileme devrinde şeriat padişahın örfî hâkimiyet sahasını gittikçe daraltmış, devletin icra faaliyetleri şeriatın denetimi altına sokulmuştur. Yavuz Sultan Selim, Şeyhülislâm Zenbilli Ali Efendi’nin divana gelip devlet işlerine karışmasını protesto ettiği halde (Mecdî, s. 305) XVIII. yüzyılda önemli devlet işleri için şeyhülislâmdan fetva alınmasına lüzum görülüyordu. Şeyhülislâm bu işlerin görüşüldüğü meclislere başkanlık etmekteydi. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren padişahların, şeriata aykırı hareket ettiklerine dair şeyhülislâmlar tarafından verilen fetvalarla tahttan indirildikleri de bilinmektedir. III. Selim’in hal‘i için Şeyhülislâm Atâullah Mehmed Efendi’nin verdiği fetvada onun saltanat tahtında istiklâlini kaybettiği, başkalarına alet olduğu ve müslümanlara karşı hareket ettiği için hilâfete lâyık olmadığı belirtilmiştir. Bununla beraber onun hal‘inden sonra yeniçerilere verilen teminat belgesinde padişah ve halifenin mutlak hükümranlık hakları tamamıyla teyit edilmiştir (Cevdet, VIII, 446-449).
1839’da Gülhâne Hatt-ı Hümâyunu’nun ilânından sonra Tanzimat devrinde Batı’nın anayasa fikirlerinin etkisi altında padişahın mutlakiyetini sınırlandırma ve ana hakları teminat altına alma amacını güden bir cereyan gittikçe kuvvetlenmiş, Yeni Osmanlılar bu fikri savunmuşlardır. Nihayet Sultan Abdülaziz’in keyfî ve müstebit idaresinin ardından onun hal‘i üzerine 1876 Kānûn-ı Esâsîsi ilân edilmiştir. Bu anayasa padişahın devlet kuvvetleri içinde üstün durumunu ve mutlak hâkimiyetini korumuş, padişahın tayin ettiği vükelânın meclise karşı sorumluluğu esasını tanımamıştı. Fakat 1908 inkılâbından sonra yapılan Kānûn-ı Esâsî değişikliğiyle bu sorumluluk tanınmış (md. 30) ve Osmanlı padişahı böylece meşrutî bir hükümdar durumuna gelmiştir (Celâleddin Ârif, II, 8-28).
23 Nisan 1920’de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümetinin kuruluşu ile millî iradeye dayanan millî hükümet padişahın bütün yetkilerini fiilen üzerine almış, zaferden sonra Büyük Millet Meclisi 30 Ekim 1922 ve 1-2 Kasım 1922 tarihli iki kararıyla (Düstûr, Üçüncü tertip, karar nr. 307, 308) yeni Türkiye hükümetinin Osmanlı Devleti yerine kāim olduğuna, Teşkîlât-ı Esâsiyye Kanunu ile hükümranlık hakkı millete verildiğinden “İstanbul’daki padişahın mâdûm ve tarihe müntakil bulunduğuna” karar vermiştir. Ancak hilâfet şu madde ile ibkā edilmiştir: “Hilâfet hânedân-ı Âl-i Osmân’a ait olup halifeliğe Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından bu hânedanın ilmen ve ahlâken erşed ve aslah olanı intihap olunur. Türkiye Devleti makām-ı hilâfetin istinatgâhıdır” (md. 2). 23 Ekim 1923’te Teşkîlât-ı Esâsiyye Kanunu’nun bazı maddelerinin tavzîhan tâdiline dair kanunla (Düstûr, Üçüncü tertip, nr. 364) hükümet şekli cumhuriyet olarak belirlenmiş, aynı gün Mustafa Kemal reisicumhur seçilmiş ve 3 Mart 1924’te hilâfetin ilgasına ve hânedân-ı Osmânî’nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti memâliki hâricine çıkarılmasına dair kanunla (a.g.e. , Üçüncü tertip, nr. 431) halife hal‘edilmiştir. Bu kanunun 1. maddesinde, “Hilâfet hükümet ve cumhuriyet mâna ve mefhumunda esasen mündemiç olduğundan hilâfet makamı mülgadır” denilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme , I, 341, 352. Yazıcızâde Ali, Târîh-i Âl-i Selçûk, TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1391, vr. 444a . Ahmedî, Tevârîh-i Mülûk-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Çiftçioğlu N. Atsız, Osmanlı Tarihleri I içinde), İstanbul 1949, s. 9-10. Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid (nşr. Halil İnalcık), Ankara 1954, s. 26. Makrîzî, Histoire des sultans mamlouks (trc. E.-M. Quatremère), Paris 1837, I, 68. İstanbul’un Fethinden Önce Yazılmış Tarihî Takvimler (nşr. Osman Turan), Ankara 1954, s. 82. Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih (Atsız), s. 93, 127, 148, 160. Tursun Beg, Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth: The History of Mehmed the Conqueror (nşr. Halil İnalcık – R. Murphy), Minneapolis-Chicago 1978, metin, vr. 25a . Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat), I, 59, 191, 247. İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , Bulak 1311, II, 227. Feridun Bey, Münşeât , I, 501; II, 63-67. Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 305. D’Ohsson, Tableau général , I, 269 vd. Cevdet, Târih , II, 302 vd., 329; VIII, 446-449. Celâleddin Ârif, Hukūk-ı Esâsiyye, İstanbul 1329, II, 8-28. Düstûr, Üçüncü tertip, nr. 307, 308, 364, 431. Uzunçarşılı, Medhal , s. 146. B. Y. Vladimircov, Cengiz Han (trc. Hasan Âli Ediz), İstanbul 1950, s. 53-70. Zeki Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul 1970, s. 329, 468. Fr. Taeschner, “Beiträge zur frühosmanischen Epigraphik und Archäologie: Das Nilüfer-İmaret in Isnik und seine Bauinschrift”, Isl. , XX/2 (1932), s. 109-186. Tahsin Öz, “Murad I ile Emir Süleyman’a Ait İki Vakfiye”, TV , I/4 (1941), s. 241-244.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 140-143 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.