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PENCİK Skip to content Osmanlı vergi ve asker kaynaklarından birini oluşturan uygulamaya verilen ad.
Müellif: Abdülkadir Özcan
Sözlükte “beşte bir” anlamındaki penç ü yek / penç-yek ten gelen pencik (pençik ) kelimesi, Osmanlı askerî sisteminde kara ve deniz seferlerinde ele geçirilen esirlerden “humus-ı şer‘î” olarak beşte birinin devlet hizmetine alınmasını ifade eder. Osmanlı Beyliği’nin kuruluş yıllarında elde edilen esirlerin gaziler arasında paylaştırıldığı, her esirin onu esir alanın malı sayıldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak zamanla hazine için paraya ve ordu için askere olan ihtiyaç artınca esirlerin veya her esirin beşte birinin devlet hesabına alınması yoluna gidilmiştir. Özellikle Abbâsîler’den itibaren uygulanan gulâm sisteminin devamından ibaret olan bu uygulamanın Anadolu beyliklerinin bazısında, bilhassa Aydınoğulları’nda varlığına dair bilgiler mevcuttur.
Osmanlılar’da pencikin ilk defa nasıl ortaya çıktığı hakkında farklı görüşler vardır. I. Ahmed zamanında yaşlı bir yeniçerinin ağzından derlenen Mebde-i Kānûn-ı Yeniçeri Ocağı’nda (s. 27-28) pencik resmi uygulamasının daha kuruluş yıllarında Bilecik’e yönelik akınlarla başlatıldığı, bunların deftere kaydedilmesi işini Bektaş Ağa ile Hacı Bektaş evlâdından Timurtaş Dede ve Mevlânâ evlâdından Emîr Şah Efendi’nin tavsiye ettiği belirtilirse de daha çok kabul gören rivayete göre bu sistem 1361’de Edirne’nin fethinden sonra ulemâdan Karamanlı Kara Rüstem’in tavsiyesi, Kazasker Çandarlı Kara Halil’in uygun bulması ve I. Murad’ın onayı ile devreye sokulmuştur. Bu rivayetle ilgili bilgi veren kaynaklarda, hız kazanan fetihler dolayısıyla savaş esirlerinin sayısında büyük artış olduğu için esir fiyatlarının 125 akçeye kadar düştüğü, gazilerden devlet hesabına pencik vergisi alınmasının kararlaştırıldığı, İslâm hukukuna göre ganimet malının beşte birinin beytülmâle ait bulunması sebebiyle Kara Rüstem’e Gelibolu geçidinde “geçit akçesi” adıyla pencik toplama yetkisi verildiği, buna göre her beş esirden biri veya sayı beşin altında ise değerinin beşte biri olan 25 akçenin pencik vergisi olarak toplanmaya başlandığı belirtilir. Ancak ilk anda bu uygulamanın askerler arasında genel bir hoşnutsuzluğa yol açtığı bildirilir. Nitekim Rumeli’den esirlerle dönen gazilerin bu vergiden kurtulmak için yollarını değiştirmeye başladıklarına, bunun üzerine Gazi Evrenos’a ve Lala Şahin’e pencik vergisini sınırda toplamaları emrinin gönderildiğine ve uygulamanın dinî niteliğini vurgulamak için bu işin icrasının kadıya bırakıldığına dair bilgiler vardır. Böylece devletin elinde toplanan bu esirlere “pencik oğlanı” denmeye başlandı. Çandarlı Kara Halil bunların genç ve güçlü olanlarından yeni bir asker teşkil etme fikrini geliştirdi. Kısa bir süre Gelibolu-Çardak arasındaki at gemilerinde çalıştırılan bu gençler Acemi Ocağı’na alınıyor, daha sonra yeniçeri yapılıyordu. Pencik oğlanları, önce Bursa civarındaki Türk köylerine gönderilip cüzi bir ücret karşılığında oralarda çalışıyor, Türk ailelerinin yanında Türkçe’yi ve Türk-İslâm âdetlerini öğreniyordu. Ardından bir kışlada toplanıyor ve acemi oğlanı olarak birkaç yıl burada eğitim görüp doğrudan padişahın emrinde kapıkulu ordusu olan yeniçerileri teşkil ediyordu.
Başlangıçta her esirin değeri 125 akçe olarak belirlenmişse de zamanla bu miktar esirin yaşına, cinsiyetine vücutça sağlam olup olmamasına göre değişmiş, bu arada kadın esirlerin de vergi bedeli belirlenmiştir. II. Bayezid döneminden günümüze birkaç pencik kanunnâmesi ulaşmıştır. Bunlardan, akıncı teşkilâtında akıncı beyi ile taviçe (tavıca/toyca) ve akıncıların aldığı esirlerle ilgili uygulama esaslarını belirleyen ilkine göre 100 ve daha fazla kişiyle yapılan ve haramîlik denilen akın sırasında alınan esirlerden pencik alınacak, çete adı verilen küçük çaplı akınlarda elde edilenlerden ise alınmayacaktı. Akıncı esirlerinin pencik vergileri pencik emini (pencikçi) tarafından toplanacak, akıncı beyine yirmi, pencikçiye beş esir verilecekti. Yüksek rütbeli taviçelerin elde ettiği esirlerden birer esir kendilerinde kalacak, daha düşük rütbeli olanlar için iki kişiye bir esir bırakılacaktı. Diğer esirlerden tercihen on-on yedi yaşları arasındakiler 300’er akçeye devlet adına satın alınacak, on yedi yaşın üstünde olup ergenlik çağını geçtiği için “sakallı” diye belirtilen gençlerden yetenekli bulunanlar devlet adına alınabilecekti. Asker yapılacak esirlerin sağlıklı olması esastı. Pencik alma sırasında ilgili sancak beyi ile akıncı zâbiti pencikçiye yardım edecekti. Devletten esir kaçıranlar cezalandırılacak, üzerine düşen vergi sahibinden tahsil edilecekti. Akıncı esirlerinden alınan pencik oğlanları biri pencikçi, diğeri akıncı beyi tarafından tutulan iki ayrı deftere kaydedilecek, merkeze her iki defter getirilecekti (Kānunnâme, TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1935, vr. 108b -109a ). Bu defterlerde esirlerin hıristiyan isimleriyle babalarının adları ve eşkâlleri yazılırdı. Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’nde olup II. Bayezid tarafından Pencikçibaşı Yûsuf’a verilen 898 (1493) tarihli Kānunnâme de yukarıdaki tarihsiz kanunnâmenin hemen hemen aynıdır.
İsteği üzerine pencik emini Muhyiddin’e yazılmış olan II. Bayezid’e ait 6 Şevval 916 (6 Ocak 1511) tarihli bir hükümde erkek ve kadın esirlerin tasnifi yapılarak her sınıftan alınacak vergi miktarları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre üç yaşına kadar çocuktan (“şîr-hor” / meme emen) 10-30 akçe, üç-sekiz yaş arasından (“beççe”/yavru) 100 akçe, sekiz-on iki yaş arasından (gulâmçe / küçük çocuk) 120-200 akçe, ergenlik yaşında olandan (gulâm / bıyığı çıkmamış delikanlı) 250-280 akçe, ergen delikanlıdan (sakallı) 250-270 akçe, “pîr” (yaşlı) denilen esirlerden ise 150-200 akçe alınması uygun görülmüştür. Pencik vergisi alınmış esirlere pencikli kul adı verilirdi. Kadın esirler “şîr-hor”, “duhterek” (küçük kız), “duhter” (kız), “câriye” (genç kadın), “mâriye (genç kadın), “ümmüveled” (çocuğu olan câriye), “acûze” (yaşlı kadın) ve “fertûte” (koca karı) şeklinde sınıflandırılmış, bunlardan ümmüveled ile câriyeden 120-150 akçe arası vergi alınacağı belirtilmiş, diğerlerinden emsali gereğince alınması emredilmiştir. Vücudunda organ eksikliği olanlar eksikliklerine göre kategorilere ayrılmış, bunlardan da emsali gereğince vergi alınması istenmiştir. Bu arada kadıdan Kānunnâme sûretinin sicillere kaydı talep edilmiştir (Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 1734, vr. 36a -37a ). XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında saray için alınacak pencik oğlanlarının mutlaka “kıyâfe” ilminden anlayan bir kişi tarafından muayene edilmesi ve ona göre seçilmesi tavsiye edilmiştir (Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Mevâidü’n-nefâis, s. 154-155).
Pencik vergisinin tahsili genellikle zafer sonrasında ordugâhta yapılırdı. Pencik vergisi uygulaması daha sonraki yıllarda da sürmüş, Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında Çirmen taraflarında bunun yerine 20’şer akçe alınması emredilmiştir (Akgündüz, III, 476). 1526’da Mohaç zaferi ve Budin’in fethinin ardından ordunun dönüşü esnasında bütün esirlerden pencik vergisi alınması hususunda genel duyuru yapılmıştır (Feridun Bey, I, 565). Şeyhülislâm Ebüssuûd Efendi, pencik oğlanlarının evlenmesinin padişahın iznine bağlı olduğu yolunda fetva vermiştir (Düzdağ, s. 122). Bu vergi zamanla değişikliğe uğramış, XVI. yüzyılda mukātaa haline getirilerek iltizam yoluyla toplanması kararlaştırılmıştır. Nitekim Kıbrıs’ın fethini müteakip pencik vergisinin tahsili Karaman zaîmlerinden Mehmed’e 30.000 altına iltizama verilmiştir (BA, MD , nr. 9, s. 239). Bu arada bazı usulsüzlükler için sık sık merkezden uyarılar yapılmış, özellikle esir olmayanlardan ve müslüman Tatarlar’dan pencik alınmaması istenmiştir. II. Selim döneminde eşkıyalık amacıyla Osmanlı topraklarına girip yakalananlardan pencik tahsili için görevli tayininin Habsburglar ile Osmanlı Devleti’nin arasını açabileceği endişesiyle bu verginin beylerbeyi tarafından birine aldırılması uygun görülmüştür (12 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, s. 228-229). 1003 (1595) yılında yapılan Macaristan seferinde Vezîriâzam Ferhad Paşa, Yergöğü İskelesi’nde pencik toplatmış, aynı seferde Vezîriâzam Koca Sinan Paşa’nın iki gün süren zamansız pencik toplaması işi Eflak Beyi Mihal’in âni saldırısına fırsat vermiş, binlerce akıncının ölmesine ve pek çok atın telef olmasına sebep olmuştur. II. Osman 1030’da (1621) çıktığı Hotin seferi sırasında İsakça’daki Yuna Köprüsü üzerinde pencik almış, Hüsrev Paşa’nın 1629 Şark seferinde ele geçirilen develerden bile pencik tahsil edilmiştir. 1088 (1677) ve 1104 (1693) yıllarında Lehistan ve Avusturya’ya yönelik seferlerde çok sayıda esir alındığından bunlar devlet hazinesine önemli miktarda gelir sağlamıştır. Savaşlarda esir alımının durmasından sonra pencik resmi tabiri bir süre daha esir pazarlarından alınıp satılan esir ve câriyeler için kullanılmış, 1822 yılında esir alım satımının haram olduğu yolundaki fetva gereği II. Mahmud’un emriyle kaldırılmış, böylece pencik vergisi tarihe karışmıştır (Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, s. 111).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 226-228 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.