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PÎRÎ REİS Skip to content (ö. 960/1553)
Kitâb-ı Bahriyye müellifi, ünlü Osmanlı haritacı ve denizcisi.
Pîrî Muhyiddin b. Hacı Mehmed, Gelibolu’da dünyaya geldi. Amcası Kemal Reis’le beraber bulunduğu yıllar dikkate alınarak 1470 civarında doğduğu ileri sürülebilir. Hayatına dair bilgiler daha çok Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’de kendisiyle ilgili beyanlara dayanır. Burada anlattığına göre Kemal Reis’le birlikte Venedik’e ait kale ve sahiller başta olmak üzere bütün Akdeniz’de korsanlık yaptı ve daha sonra devlet hizmetine girdi. Bu faaliyetleri sırasında Toulon’un güneydoğusundaki İzledare/Üçadalar yakınında üç tüccar gemisine (barça) el koyup Tunus’ta sattılar ve Mayorka adası yakınlarında bir gözcü kalesi aldılar. Sicilya’nın batısındaki Terranova (Yenişehir) önünde üç gemiyi ele geçirdiler. Ancak Malta’nın güneyindeki Pantelarya adasını ve İspanya’ya tâbi Hammâmet yakınındaki Çuhudluk Kalesi’ni rüzgârın yön değiştirmesi sebebiyle fethedemeden geri döndüler. Kuzey Afrika’daki faaliyetleri esnasında Tunus sahillerindeki Bûne ve Sefâkus’ta iki defa kışlayan ve Tunus Sultanı Mevlây Muhammed’le görüşen Pîrî Reis, Cezayir’in Bicâye şehrinde yaşayan Seydî Muhammed Tuvâttî’nin zâviyesinde kaldıklarını, yaz olunca oradan denize açıldıklarını belirtir. Aynı zamanda Korsika yakınlarındaki Pianosa adasını amcası ile birlikte ele geçirdiklerini, ada halkını esir ederek şehri yağmaladıklarını, İspanya’nın önemli liman şehri Belensiye (Valencia) önlerinde yedi barça zaptettiklerini ifade eder (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , s. 518, 578, 596, 636). Pîrî Reis’in iştirak ettiği Akdeniz’deki akınların 901 (1495-96) yılına kadar sürdürüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır.
II. Bayezid tarafından devlet hizmetine çağrılan Kemal Reis’in 901’de (1495-96) İstanbul’daki kabulü sırasında Pîrî Reis de muhtemelen onun yanında idi. Kemal Reis’in Anadolu’daki Haremeyn vakıflarının gelirlerini deniz yoluyla İskenderiye’ye götürmesinde, dönüş yolunda Rodos şövalyeleriyle yapılan çarpışmalarda, bir göke kaptanı sıfatıyla yer aldığı İnebahtı kuşatması sırasında (905/1499), Modon, Koron (1500) ve Anavarin’in (Navarin) (1501) fethi esnasında bir kadırga reisi olarak onun emrinde bulunuyordu (BA , D. Müteferrik, nr. 36806, s. 373; Kitâb-ı Bahriye , s. 311). Pîrî Reis, Ege’de ticaret güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla gönderilen filoda, Memlük Devleti’ne giden olağan üstü elçi heyetinde yine amcasıyla beraberdi. Rodos’taki müslüman esirlerin kurtarılması için Kemal Reis’in görevlendirildiği 909’daki (1504) seferine katıldığı gibi Trablusgarp emîrinin yardım talebi üzerine 910’da (1505) oraya da gitti. Bir yıl sonra Kuzey Afrika’da ve Endülüs’teki müslümanların korunması ve İspanya sahillerine düzenlenen akınlarda Portekizliler’e karşı Memlükler’e yardım için sevkedilen asker, mühimmat ve top yüklü filoyu Mısır’a elçilikle birlikte götüren amcasının yanında yer aldı. Kemal Reis’in ölümüyle Pîrî Reis’in hayatında yeni bir dönem başladı (916/1510).
Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır seferinde Kaptanıderyâ Câfer Bey kumandasındaki filoda bir gemi reisi olarak hazır bulunan Pîrî Reis, Nil nehri üzerinden ulaştığı Kahire’de 919 (1513) tarihli ilk dünya haritasını (TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1633 mükerrer) padişaha takdim etti (923/1517). Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın 927’deki (1521) Belgrad seferi sırasında Tuna donanmasında bulundu, ertesi yıl gerçekleştirilen Rodos Seferi’ne de katıldı. Hâin Ahmed Paşa isyanını bastırmak için 930’da (1524) deniz yoluyla Mısır’a giden Sadrazam Makbul İbrâhim Paşa’nın filosunda kılavuz olarak görev yaptı. İbrâhim Paşa ile yakından görüşme fırsatı buldu; bu sırada sadrazam onun yazdığı ilk Kitâb-ı Bahriyye müsveddesini gemide inceledi (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , s. 849-855). Hava muhalefeti yüzünden İbrâhim Paşa, Rodos’tan sonra yolculuğuna karadan devam edince Pîrî Reis sadrazamın isteği üzerine kitabını temize çekmek için Gelibolu’ya döndü. 932’de (1526) Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’nin ikinci telifini ve 935’te (1528) ikinci dünya haritasını (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1824) Kanûnî’ye sundu. Bu sırada kendisinden Pîrî Kethüdâ diye bahsedilmesi onun Gelibolu Tersanesi’nde görevli olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Daha sonra Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın yeniden kurduğu donanmaya katıldı. Korfu kuşatması için 15 Rebîülevvel 944’te (22 Ağustos 1537) Avlonya’da toplanan Osmanlı donanmasında bulunan diğer sancak beyleri ve gemi reisleri arasında Pîrî Reis’e de bir hil‘at giydirildi (BA, D.BRZ , nr. 20619, s. 10).
954’te (1547) Ferhad Paşa’nın yerine Hint kaptanlığına getirildi. Bu görevde iken ilk faaliyeti, Hint Okyanusu’ndaki yegâne Osmanlı üssü olan Aden’i mahallî idarecisi Ali b. Süleyman’dan geri almak oldu. 29 Ekim 1547’de Süveyş’ten hareket eden Pîrî Reis altmış gemiden oluşan donanması ile önce Moha Limanı’nda karaya çıktı. Yemen Beylerbeyi Ferhad Paşa’nın takviye ettiği donanma 955 Şevvalinde (Kasım 1548) Aden civarına ulaştı. Osmanlı donanması üç Portekiz gemisini ele geçirdi ve içlerindeki 120 gemici esir edildi. Eski Aden sancak beyi Kasım Bey’in karadan, Pîrî Reis’in denizden yürüttüğü harekât karşısında yardıma gelen Portekiz gemileri önce Aden Limanı’na girdiyse de Osmanlı donanmasını görünce geri döndü. Pîrî Reis 19 Zilkade 955’te (20 Aralık 1548) Aden önlerine geldi, karaya asker ve top çıkardı. Başlatılan genel bir hücumun ardından 14 Muharrem 956’da (12 Şubat 1549) Aden yeniden fethedildi. Mısır Beylerbeyi Dâvud Paşa’nın Aden’in fethi haberini İstanbul’a bildirmesi üzerine Pîrî Reis’e 100.000 akçelik terakkî verildiği gibi bütün kumandanların ulûfeleri arttırıldı (Matrakçı Nasuh, vr. 88b ; Kâtib Çelebi, s. 89). Ayrıca 5 Ramazan 957’de (17 Eylül 1550) sancak beyi rütbesindeki Hint Kaptanı Pîrî Bey’e 25.000 akçe terakkî verildiğine dair bir kayda rastlanır (BA, KK , nr. 209, s. 98).
Pîrî Reis’in ikinci seferi Portekizliler’in Basra körfezindeki en önemli üssü olan Hürmüz üzerine oldu. Bu sefer için kadırga, baştarda, kalyata ve kalyondan oluşan otuz gemilik donanmayla Cemâziyelevvel 959’da (Mayıs 1552) Süveyş’ten hareket etti. Bâbülmendep’i geçerek Hint Okyanusu’na çıktı ve Aden, Şihr, Zufâr limanlarına ulaştıktan sonra Re’sülhadd’e vardı. 21 Şevval 959’da (10 Ekim 1552) muhtemelen oğlu Mehmed Bey idaresinde bir kalyatayı Basra’ya gönderip Basra Beylerbeyi Kubâd Paşa’yı kendisine verilen görevden haberdar etti. Buna göre Pîrî Reis, Hürmüz’ü ele geçirdikten sonra Bahreyn adalarına kadar ilerleyip buraları Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altına alacak, ardından emrindeki donanmayla Basra’da kışlayacak veya on gemiyi burada bırakarak Süveyş’e dönecekti (Orhonlu, XXXIV/134 [1970], s. 241).
Uman denizine girdikten sonra Maskat’ı kuşatan Pîrî Reis, bir hafta süren kuşatmanın ardından kale kumandanı ile birlikte 128 Portekiz askerini esir alıp kaleyi fethetti. Arkasından Hürmüz üzerine yürüdü. Yirmi sekiz gemiden oluşan donanma ve 850 askerle Portekizliler’in elindeki Hürmüz’ü muhasara etti. Adanın hemen hemen tamamı ele geçirildiyse de kale kumandanı D. Alvaro de Noronha direnişini sürdürdü ve iç kale alınamadı. Çarpışmanın uzun sürmesi Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin mâneviyatını sarsmıştı. Pîrî Reis kuşatma devam ederken üstün bir Portekiz donanmasının baskınına uğramaktan endişe ediyordu (a.g.e. , XXXIV/134 [1970], s. 243-244). Böyle bir ihtimal karşısında muhasarayı kaldırarak Basra’ya doğru hareket etti. Ancak bunun kendisine verilen altın ve mücevher karşılığında olduğu haberi Basra’da yayıldı (Celâlzâde, vr. 482a-b ). Kubâd Paşa da durumu İstanbul’a bildirdi. Buna karşılık çok geçmeden bir Portekiz donanmasının Hürmüz önlerine geldiği haberi bu ithamların yersiz olduğunu gösterir.
Basra körfezinin Portekiz donanması tarafından kapatılma tehlikesi karşısında asıl donanmasını Basra’da bırakarak üç kadırga ile Süveyş’e hareket eden Pîrî Reis, gemilerden birinin yolda karaya oturup parçalanması yüzünden sadece iki kadırgayla Süveyş’e ulaştı ve oradan karayoluyla Kahire’ye gitti. Ancak Mısır Beylerbeyi Semiz Ali Paşa tarafından iyi karşılanmadı ve ordusunu savaş meydanında bırakıp kaçan bir kumandan gibi algılandı. Basra Beylerbeyi Kubâd Paşa’nın yaydığı, Hürmüz’deki müslümanların mallarını mülklerini yağma ettirdiği ve rüşvet karşılığında kuşatmayı kaldırdığı yolundaki haberler de Mısır’a ulaşmıştı. Bu sırada Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Halep’te bulunuyordu. Bu ithamlar yüzünden muhtemelen Dîvân-ı Mısır’da öldürüldü (960 sonu / 1553 sonları). Bütün malları ve eşyası Mısır’daki idareciler tarafından müsadere edilerek İstanbul’a gönderildi. Pîrî Reis’in eşyası İstanbul’a götürülürken koruma görevinde bulunduğu için Mısır sancak beylerinden İbrâhim Bey 6 Cemâziyelevvel 961’de (9 Nisan 1554) 30.000 akçe terakkî aldı (BA, KK , nr. 211, s. 35). Bir süre sonra Kubâd Paşa’nın da Basra beylerbeyiliğinden uzaklaştırıldığı 15 Rebîülevvel 961’de (18 Şubat 1554) mâzul olarak İstanbul’da bulunmasından anlaşılmaktadır (BA, KK , nr. 1766, s. 43).
Pîrî Reis asıl, çizdiği iki dünya haritası ve Akdeniz portolanı olan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye adlı eseriyle büyük ün kazanmıştır. Gelibolu’da çizdiği 919 (1513) tarihli dünya haritası parçası İspanya, Portekiz ve Batı Afrika kıyıları ile Amerika kıtasının doğu kıyılarını göstermektedir. Günümüzde mevcut en eski dünya haritası olması bakımından önemi tartışılmaz olan haritanın kaynakları Doğu ve Batı dünyasından kendisine ulaşan eski haritalarla Kristof Kolomb’un haritasıdır. Pîrî Reis Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’de, Hint ve Çin denizlerinin yeni yapılan haritaları hakkında ilk bilgileri kendisinin elde etmiş olduğunu ve Yavuz Sultan Selim’e bu haritaları takdim ettiğini bildirir. Haritada o zamana kadar yapılan yeni keşiflerin dikkatle takip edildiğini gösteren ipuçları vardır. Pîrî Reis, Portekizliler ve İspanyollar’ın Hint ve Atlas Okyanusu seferlerini dikkatle izlemiş olmalıdır. Nitekim 935’te (1528-29) çizdiği ikinci dünya haritası Atlas Okyanusu’nun kuzeyini, Kuzey ve Orta Amerika kıyılarını göstermektedir. Ege ve Akdeniz kıyılarının atlası niteliğindeki Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ilki 927’de (1521) mensur olarak, ikincisi gözden geçirilmiş ve temize çekilmiş, kısmen manzum şekilde 932’de (1526) Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a takdim edilmiştir. Birinci telif Kitâb-ı Bahriyye nüshalarında en fazla 134 olan harita sayısı ikinci telifte 223’e ulaşmaktadır. Az sayıda kaynak dışında esas itibariyle Pîrî Reis’in kendi gözlemlerine dayanan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye denizcilerin elinden düşürmediği bir rehber kitap olmuştur. Yabancı dillerde tam ve kısmî tercümeleri bulunmaktadır (bk. KİTÂB-ı BAHRİYYE ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye , İstanbul 1935, s. 311, 518, 578, 596, 636, 849-855.
Matrakçı Nasuh, Süleymannâme , Arkeoloji Ktp., nr. 379, vr. 88b .
Celâlzâde, Tabakātü’l-memâlik , vr. 482a-b .
Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr fî esfâri’l-bihâr (nşr. Orhan Şaik Gökyay), İstanbul 1973, s. 89.
S. Soucek, Pīrī Reis and Turkish Mapmaking after Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas , London 1996.
a.mlf., “Pīrī Reʾīs”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 308-309.
Uluslararası Pîrî Reis Sempozyumu Tebliğler Kitabı: 27-29 Eylül 2004 , İstanbul, ts.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Hint Kaptanlığı ve Pîrî Reis”, TTK Belleten , XXXIV/134 (1970), s. 235-254.
Fuad Ezgü, “Pîrî Reis”, İA , IX, 561-565.
İdris Bostan, “Kemal Reis”, DİA , XXV, 226-227.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 283-285 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.