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PRENS SABAHADDİN Skip to content (1878-1948)
Son devir Osmanlı siyaset ve fikir adamı.
Asıl adı Mehmed Sabahaddin olup babası Damad Mahmud Celâleddin Paşa, annesi Sultan Abdülmecid’in kızı ve II. Abdülhamid’in kız kardeşi Seniha Sultan’dır. Annesinden dolayı yerli kaynaklarda “Sultanzâde” denilmekte, Batı kaynaklarında ise “Prens” olarak anılmaktadır. Kardeşi Ahmed Lutfullah’la birlikte Kadıhanlı Emin Efendi, Adanalı Hayret, İsmâil Safâ, Sâdık Belîğ, Muallim Feyzi ve Hüseyin Dâniş gibi şahsiyetlerden Arapça, Farsça, Fransızca, fen bilgisi, resim ve piyano dersleri aldı; Osmanlı, Arap-Fars ve Fransız edebiyatlarını öğrendi. Küçük yaştan itibaren evlerine gelen devrin önde gelen edebiyatçı ve fikir adamlarıyla tanıştı; onların bilgi, kültür ve tecrübelerinden yararlandı. Daha gençlik yıllarında, biraz da aile üzerindeki baskı dolayısıyla, Osmanlı Devleti’nin içine düştüğü felâketlere ancak yurt dışında yürütülecek bir mücadeleyle çare bulunabileceği düşüncesini benimsedi. Ailevî bir mesele yüzünden babasının padişahla arasının açılması üzerine babası ve kardeşi Lutfullah’la birlikte Paris’e kaçtı (Ekim 1899). Orada II. Abdülhamid idaresine karşı mücadele eden Jön Türkler’e katıldı. Ancak Paris’teki Jön Türkler’in lideri Ahmed Rızâ Bey’le birçok konuda ihtilâfa düştü. Bu arada Le Play sosyoloji ekolü temsilcilerinden Edmond Demolins’in kurduğu La Science Sociale cemiyetinin faaliyetlerine katıldı. 4-9 Şubat 1902’de, Avrupa’nın çeşitli ülkelerinde faaliyet gösteren Jön Türkler’i birleştirmeyi hedefleyen I. Jön Türk Kongresi’nin toplanmasında önemli rol oynadı. Kongrede başkan seçilmesine rağmen nihaî hedef konusunda gruplar arasında uzlaşma sağlanamadığı için arzu ettiği sonucu alamadı. Daha sonra, Ahmed Rızâ ile Mizancı Murad Bey grupları yanında üçüncü bir Jön Türk grubu olan Teşebbüs-i Şahsî ve Adem-i Merkeziyyet Cemiyeti’ni oluşturdu. Cemiyetin yayın organı olarak Paris’te Ahmed Agayef, Reşad Mehdiyef ve Emîr Hüseyinof ile birlikte Terakkî gazetesini çıkarmaya başladı (1906). II. Abdülhamid yönetiminin sona erdirilmesi amacıyla 27 Aralık 1907’de II. Jön Türk Kongresi’nin toplanmasına öncülük etti.
Prens Sabahaddin, bu sırada yayımladığı yazılarında daha ziyade Edmond Demolins’in etkisi altında geliştirdiği liberal (teşebbüs-i şahsî) ve adem-i merkeziyetçi görüşleri savunuyordu. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânı üzerine diğer yönetim muhalifleriyle birlikte o da İstanbul’a döndü. Görüşlerini benimseyen Ahrar Fırkası mensuplarının ısrarlarına rağmen aktif politikaya girmedi. 1909’da 31 Mart Vak‘ası’ndan sonra iktidarı ele geçiren İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimine karşı açıkça muhalefete geçti. 31 Mart Vak‘ası’na karıştığı ileri sürülerek bir süre hapsedildiyse de annesinin ricası ve Mahmud Şevket ile Hurşid paşaların araya girmesiyle serbest bırakıldı. İttihat ve Terakkî yönetiminin siyasî ve iktisadî görüşlerini şiddetle eleştirmekten geri durmadı. Onun fikirlerini benimseyen gençler Nesl-i Cedîd Kulübü adıyla bir cemiyet kurdularsa da kulüp 1911’de yönetim tarafından kapatıldı.
Balkan Savaşı sırasında Sultan Reşad’a hitaben yazdığı bir makalede düşmanın dışarıda değil toplumsal yapımızda olduğunu vurgulayarak tembelliğin ve merkeziyetçi yönetimin Osmanlı Devleti’ni yok edeceğini açıkça dile getirdi. Gerek bu yazısı gerekse Mahmud Şevket Paşa suikastına adının karışması yüzünden tekrar tutuklandı, serbest kalınca Paris’e kaçtı (1913). I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ve İttihat ve Terakkî yönetiminin sona ermesi üzerine İstanbul’a döndü (1919). Bu sırada Anadolu’da başlayan Millî Mücadele hareketini destekler bir tavır sergilemesine rağmen Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasının ardından Osmanlı hânedanı mensuplarını sınır dışı eden kanunun yürürlüğe girmesiyle bir daha geri dönmemek üzere yurt dışına çıkmak zorunda kaldı (1924). Bundan sonra da Avrupa gazetelerinde Türkiye’nin siyasî ve iktisadî meseleleri hakkında çeşitli yazılar yayımladı. Hayatının son yılları İsviçre’de yoksulluk içinde geçti. 30 Haziran 1948’de İsviçre’nin Neuchatel kasabasına yakın bir köyde vefat etti; bir süre sonra naaşı İstanbul’a getirilerek Eyüpsultan’daki aile kabristanına defnedildi.
Prens Sabahaddin liberalizmi savunan bir fikir adamı, Ziya Gökalp tarafından benimsenen Durkheim’in toplumculuğuna karşı daha çok Le Play ekolünün ve özellikle bu ekolden Edmond Demolins’in savunduğu ferdiyetçi anlayışı Türkiye’de geliştirmeye çalışan bir sosyolog olarak tanınmaktadır. Ona göre millet ve devlet esas itibariyle fertler üzerine kuruludur; millet denilen varlığı meydana getiren ve ona güç kazandıran asıl unsur kişiler olduğuna göre toplumun gelişmesi için öncelikle tek tek fertlerin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Devletin görevi ise milleti oluşturan fertlerin refah ve mutluluğunu sağlamaktır. Fertler devletin temel taşlarıdır; bunun için devlet vatandaşlarının başarılı olmasını temin etmek zorundadır. Prens Sabahaddin, çözüm için daha önce Fransa’da denenmiş ve başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmış olan Ecole des Roches’un eğitim sistemini tavsiye etmiştir.
Çeşitli makale ve eserlerinde şu görüşlere de yer vermiştir: Osmanlı Devleti’nde yapılması gereken iş, II. Abdülhamid istibdadına son verilerek Meşrutiyet’in ilân edilmesini ve Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin yeniden işlerlik kazanmasını sağlamakla bitmemektedir; çünkü istibdat yönetimi büyük ölçüde toplumsal şartların sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Çözüme mevcut şartları değiştirerek başlanmadığı sürece yeni bir istibdat kaçınılmaz olacaktır. Meşrutiyet’in ilânıyla birlikte istibdadın kökünü kazımak için devlet yönetiminde esaslı bir reform gerçekleştirerek adem-i merkeziyet sisteminin kurulması, vatandaşlar arasında şahsî teşebbüsü geliştirmeye yönelik şartların hazırlanması gerekir. Meşrutiyet’in gayesi halkın hükümeti kontrol edebilmesidir. Eskiden beri doğrudan merkezî yönetim şekli ve özel mülkiyet sisteminin bulunmaması Osmanlı Devleti’nin geri kalmasına ve dağılmasına sebep olmuştur. Adem-i merkeziyetçilik otoriteyi bölen, böylece süratle işleyişi sağlayan bir sistemdir. Bu tür yönetimde esas olan fertlerin serbestçe davranabilmesidir. Ülkede asırlardır tüketici memur sınıfı üretici ve faal yeni sınıfların doğmasını engellemiştir. Bunun için her şeyi devletten bekleyen zihniyetten kurtulmak lâzımdır. Öte yandan komşu devletlere karşı dikkatli bir politika takip edilmelidir. Fransa ve İngiltere ile dostça ilişkilerin sürdürülmesi Ruslar’ın Karadeniz üzerindeki emellerine karşı kuvvetli bir engel teşkil edecek ve Balkanlar’da barışın sağlanmasını temin edecektir. Prens Sabahaddin’in başta Ziya Gökalp olmak üzere devrinde birçok fikir adamı ve politikacı tarafından ütopik bulunan, hatta vatan hainliğiyle itham edilen görüşleri Türkiye’de kısmen 1950’den itibaren taraftar bulmaya başlamış, ancak 1970’li yıllara kadar uygulanma imkânı bulamamıştır.
Eserleri. Umum Osmanlı Vatandaşlarımıza (Paris 1901, Prens Lutfullah’la birlikte, I. Jön Türk Kongresi’ne davet broşürü), Teşebbüs-i Şahsî ve Tevsî-i Me’zûniyyet Hakkında Bir Îzah (İstanbul 1324), Teşebbüs-i Şahsî ve Tevsî-i Me’zûniyyet Hakkında İkinci Bir Îzah (İstanbul 1324), Mesleğimiz Hakkında Üçüncü ve Son Bir Îzah (İstanbul 1327), Türkiye Nasıl Kurtarılabilir: Meslek-i İçtimâî ve Programı (İstanbul 1334). Eserlerinin tamamı Gönüllü Sürgünden Zorunlu Sürgüne – Bütün Eserleri (haz. Mehmet Ö. Alkan, İstanbul 2007) adıyla tek bir ciltte yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmet Bedevî Kuran, İnkılâp Tarihimiz ve Jön Türkler , İstanbul 1945, s. 68-78. Cavit Orhan Tütengil, Prens Sabahattin , İstanbul 1954. Z. Fahri Fındıkoğlu, İçtimaiyat , İstanbul 1961, II, 370-402. Şerif Mardin, Jön Türklerin Siyâsî Fikirleri: 1895-1908 , Ankara 1964, s. 215-224. Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , Konya 1966, s. 544-556. Nezahet Nurettin Ege, Prens Sabahattin: Hayatı ve İlmî Müdafaaları , İstanbul 1977. Ali Erkul, “Prens Sabahattin”, Türk Toplumbilimcileri (haz. Emre Kongar), İstanbul 1982, I, 82-150. a.mlf., “İhmale Uğramış Bir Osmanlı Aydını ve Sosyologu: Prens Sabahattin”, Yeni Türkiye , VI/33, Ankara 2000, s. 282-304. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Prens Sabahattin’in Katolik Kilisesi ile Olan İlişkileri”, Prof. Dr. Ümit Yaşar Doğanay’ın Anısına Armağan , İstanbul 1982, II, 99-119. Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türkiye’de Siyasal Gelişmeler 1876-1938 , İstanbul 2001, I, 109-117. Baykan Sezer, “Türk Sosyologları ve Eserleri I: Sabahattin Bey”, İÜ Sosyoloji Dergisi , 3. dizi, sy. 1, İstanbul 1989, s. 54-96. Oya Okan, “Sosyologlarımız ve Tarihî Gerçekler Önünde Prens Sabahattin”, a.e. , 3. dizi, sy. 1 (1989), s. 97-146. Cenk Reyhan, “Türk Siyasal Düşüncesinde Yol Ayrımı; Aykırı Bir Aydın Prens Sabahattin ve Düşüncesi”, Türkiye Günlüğü , sy. 21, Ankara 1992, s. 121-126. Mithat Baydur, “Geçmişten Günümüze Prens Sabahattin ve Adem-i Merkeziyetçilik”, a.e. , sy. 22 (1993), s. 40-45. Mehmet Özden, “Mütareke Döneminde Sabahaddincilik: Meslek-i İctimâî Dergisi, 1919-1920”, Kebikeç , sy. 20, Ankara 2005, s. 27-70. E. J. Zürcher, “Ṣabāḥ al-Dīn”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 669.
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