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RAMAZÂNİYYE Skip to content Divan şiirinde ramazan ayını konu edinen manzumelerin genel adı.
Divan şairlerinin ramazan ayı vesilesiyle padişahlara, yüksek rütbeli kişilere ve hâmilerine sundukları çoğu kaside şeklindeki ramazâniyyelerin beyit sayısı genellikle on-yirmi arasında değişmektedir. Nesîb bölümünden sonra şiirin sunulduğu kişinin övülmesine geçilir. Enderunlu Fâzıl’ın on üç bendden oluşan terkibibendi yanında gazel, murabba, mesnevi, ilâhi, tarih, tuyuğ, rubâî ve müfred gibi farklı nazım şekillerinde yazılan örnekler varsa da bunların sayısı çok azdır.
XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren yazılmaya başlanan ramazâniyyeler XVIII. yüzyıl ve sonrasında yaygınlaşmıştır. En çok ramazâniyye yazan divan şairi bu türde on üç kasidesi bulunan Enderunlu Fâzıl’dır. Sâbit, Nazîm, Edirneli Kâmî, Nedîm, Koca Râgıb Paşa, Şeyh Galib, Enderunlu Vâsıf, Sünbülzâde Vehbî gibi isimler dikkat çeken ramazâniyye şairleri arasında sayılabilir. Bihiştî gibi bazı şairler de ramazanı ve orucu vesile ederek dinî-tasavvufî gazeller yazmışlardır (Behiştî Divanı , s. 424). Koca Râgıb Paşa’nın, ramazan ayının ramazâniyyelerde konu edilen yönleri üzerinde durarak yazdığı gazeli makta‘ beytinin son kelimesinden dolayı “iftâriyye” adıyla anılmış olup bu konuda tek örnektir.
Ramazâniyyeleri ramazan ayının dinî yönünü işleyenlerle daha çok folklorik ve kültürel taraflarını ele alanlar olmak üzere iki kısımda değerlendirmek mümkündür. İlk gruptaki manzumelerin en tanınmış örneği Nazîm’e aittir. Çoğunluğu oluşturan ikinci gruptaki manzumeler divan şiirinin toplum hayatını yansıttığını göstermesi bakımından önem taşır. Ramazâniyyelerde sosyal hayatı ilgilendiren birçok konu dile getirilmiştir. Hilâlin görülmesinin halka top atılarak kandil yakılıp münâdîler çıkarılarak ilân edilmesinin toplumda bir heyecana sebep oluşu Edirneli Kâmî’nin, “Yevm-i şek deyü boğaz cengin ederken yâran / Zâhir oldu âlem-i nusret-i şehr-i ramazân” beytiyle başlayan kasidesiyle buna nazîre yazan Nedîm’in, “Bağteten sâbit olup gurre firâşında imam / Hâb için yatmış iken etti terâvîhe kıyam” beytiyle başlayan kasidesinde ifade edilmiştir. Yine Nedîm’in tiryakinin ağzından söylediği, “Bilemem bende mi şâhidde mi takvîmde mi / Hele bir kizb var ortada budur sıdk-ı kelâm” beytinin ardından,“Olacak oldu heman çâre ne şimden sonra / Edelim hükm-i kazâ destine teslîm-i zimam” beytinde ramazanın gereklerine uymaktan başka çare olmadığını anlatır.
Ramazanın rahmet ve bereket mevsimi olarak gelmesini Enderunlu Vâsıf, “Açıldı yine mısra-ı dervâze-i gufran / Hak’tan taleb-i mağfirete vakt ü zamandır” ve, “Ol mâh-ı fazîlet ki beher rûz-ı şerîfi / Sad mâha bedel olsa ayn-ı ziyandır” mısralarıyla anlatır. Sâbit’in, “Çilleye vesvesesiz girdi kapandı zâhid / Hapsolur tâ ramazan âhir olunca şeytan” beytiyle Vâsıf’ın, “Ol mâh-ı muazzam ki bu mâh içre şeyâtîn / Mü’minler için beste-i zencîr-i girandır” mısraları ramazanın sonuna kadar şeytanların zincirlerle bağlanarak hapsedildiğini belirten hadisin nazmen tercümesi gibidir.
Sâbit, “Dehen ü destini meyhâre yudu sahbâdan / Kûze-i bâdeyi ibrîk-i vuzû etti heman” beytinde nükteli bir dille ramazanın ilânı üzerine sarhoşların bile bu ayı ihya için ellerindeki içki sürahisini abdest ibriğine dönüştürdüklerini anlatır. Tütün tiryakilerinin durumuna Vâsıf, “Tiryâkiye nâgeh ramazan geldi denilse / Lâ havle-künan der eleminden ne zamandır” beytiyle işaret etmektedir. İftarını tütünle açan tiryakileri Sâbit, “Vakt-i imsâkteki micmere-i anberden / Hoştur âlüfteye iftârda bir lûle duhan” beytiyle tasvir etmekte, kahve tiryakilerinin durumları da, “Kadeh-i rıtl-i giran mertebesi keyf verir / Kahve-âşâma ağır kahve ile bir fincan” mısralarıyla anlatılmaktadır. Çocukların ramazanda oruç tutmak istemeleri Vâsıf’ın, “Sıbyân-ı heves ni‘met-i savm ile demekte / Bu şeb beni cânım nene sahûra uyandır” mısralarına yansımıştır.
Camiler Sâbit’in, “Kalb-i mü’min gibi mescid mütesellî ma‘mûr / Dil-i fâsık gibi meyhâne harâb u vîran” beytinde ifade ettiği gibi şenlenir, dışarıdan her türlü kötülüğün merkezi gibi görünen meyhâneler ise bu ayda viran olur. Vâsıf’ın, “Mağfirethân olalım hüzn ile şeb tâ-be-seher / Edip ihlâs-ı derûn ile terâvîhe kıyam” beytinde teravih teşvik edilirken, “Alınır mı ramazan sofularından mushaf / Rahlenin nevbetini beklemeyince insan” beytinde camilerde Kur’an kıraatine ve mukabele dinleme âdetine dikkat çekilir. Nazîm, kandil ve mahyalarla aydınlatılmış camileri çırağan âlemleriyle mukayese ederek, “Lâlezâr-ı dîn çerâğânı kıyâs eyler gören / Her menâr üzre saf-ı kandîl kim sûzân olur” der. Fâzıl mahyalarla aydınlatılmış camileri parıldayan gökyüzü ve Süreyyâ yıldızıyla karşılaştırır: “Eşkâl-i Süreyyâ-yı felek yeknesak üzre / Mâhiyyesi her gece bunun başka nişandır.” Ramazâniyyelerde mahya ve kandiller için de pek çok beyit yazılmış, değişik mazmun ve teşbihlere yer verilmek suretiyle birçok sanat ortaya konmuştur.
Sâbit ramazanda çarşı pazarın bereketini, “Donanıp al akîdeyle şekker tablaları / Etti her kûşe-i İstanbul’u sûk-ı mercan” beytiyle ifade ederken İstanbul’un önemli bir ticaret merkezi olan Mercan Çarşısı’nı telmihle mercan parçalarına benzeyen akîde şekerlerinin şehrin her tarafında satıldığına işaret eder. Ramazanda tatlı, reçel ve şeker tüketiminin arttığı düşünülürse beyit daha da önem kazanır. Sâbit buna da, “Can verir râhat-ı hulkūma esîr-i helvâ / Gelse efsürdegî-i savm ile hulkūmuna can” beytiyle temas eder.
İftarlar bu ayın en önemli zaman dilimidir. Enderunlu Vâsıf, “Gösterme sakın sofrada yer sûfiye yoksa / Dilsîr olamaz tâba pilâv yahni kapandır” diyerek tekke veya imaret yemekleriyle karnını doyurmaya alışmış olanların iftar sofrasında kendilerine hâkim olmalarının güçlüğünü vurgular. “Gördükçe hilâl-i feleği gürisne-çeşman / Ser-sofra-i çarh üzre sanır pâre-i nandır” beyti aç gözlülerin gökyüzündeki ayı bile sofradaki ramazan pidesine benzettiğini, “Kurs-ı mehe bu diş bileyiş var iken onda / Mehdir o değil nan deyü ersen inandır” beyti de onları aksine inandırmanın çok zor olduğunu nükteli bir dille anlatmaktadır.
Ramazâniyyelerde üzerinde önemle durulan konulardan biri de Kadir gecesidir. Enderunlu Vâsıf bunu, “Bil kadrini zîrâ ki bu şehrin şeb-i Kadri / Bîşek sebeb-i mağfiret-i âlemiyandır” beytiyle anlatır. Kadir gecesi şairlerin kadir ve kıymetinin bilinmesi için tevriye yolunu açmakta, bunun yanında övgüye geçmeye de vesile olmaktadır. Nazîm’in Kırım Hanı Selim Giray’ı övmek için kaleme aldığı ramazâniyyesinin girizgâh beyti bu anlayışa örnektir: “Böyle şebde kadre ermek dilese bir rûzedâr/ Vâsıl-ı hân-ı nevâlî hân-ı âlîşân olur.” Ramazâniyyelerin sonunda şair bayramın hasretle beklendiğini ifade ederek çeşitli nükteler yapar. Nedîm’in, “Şevkimiz şimdi ana düştü ki inşâallah / Ola sıhhatle selâmetle meh-i rûze tamam // Kıla erbâb-ı dili âb-ı hayâta sîrâb / Erişip Hızr gibi âh mübârek bayram” beyitleri bu anlayışı aksettirir. Ramazan bayramı için kaleme alınan ıydiyyelerde de ramazanın çeşitli yönlerine atıflar yapılmaktadır (bk. IYDİYYE ).
Bazı mutasavvıf şairlerin ramazanla ilgili şiirleri ramazan ilâhisi olarak bestelenecek muhteva ve yapıdadır. Bunlara İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî’nin ramazanın gelişi dolayısıyla yazılmış, “Sâye saldı ehl-i îmân üstüne / Hamdülillâh geldi mâh-ı ramazân / Doğdu ol nur ehl-i irfân üstüne / Hamdülillâh geldi mâh-ı ramazân” kıtasıyla başlayan şiiri ile Hz. Üftâde’nin bu ayın sona erişini konu edinen, “Ey dostlarım ağlaşalım / Oruç ayı gitti yine / Hasret ile inleşelim / Oruç ayı gitti yine” kıtasıyla başlayan şiiri örnek verilebilir.
Mehmet Emin Ertan ramazâniyyeler üzerinde iki tez çalışması yapmıştır: Ramazaniyeler (Yüz İki Matbu Divanın İncelenmesiyle) (lisans tezi, 1975, İÜ Ed.Fak. Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü); Divan Edebiyatında Ramazaniyeler Üzerine İncelemeler (doktora tezi, 1995, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Behiştî Divanı (haz. Yaşar Aydemir), Ankara 2000, s. 424.
Nef‘î Divanı (haz. Metin Akkuş), Ankara 1993, s. 72.
Bosnalı Alaeddin Sâbit, Divan (haz. Turgut Karacan), Sivas 1991, s. 302-307.
Nedim, Dîvan (haz. Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1972, s. 44-47.
Vâsıf, Dîvân-ı Gülşen-i Efkâr-ı Vâsıf-ı Enderûnî , İstanbul 1257, s. 13-14.
Necla Pekolcay v.dğr., İslâmî Türk Edebiyatı: Giriş , İstanbul 1981, s. 239-255.
Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemâl Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 340-341.
Filiz Kılıç – Muhsin Macit, Türk Edebiyatında Ramazan Şiirleri: Güldeste , Ankara 1995.
Vildan Serdaroğlu, Sosyal Hayat Işığında Zâtî Divanı , İstanbul 2006, s. 243-250.
J. Rypka, “Sābit’s Ramazanijje, Herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt”, Islamica , III, Leipzig 1927, s. 435-478.
İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, “Divan Edebiyatında Ramazan”, Çınaraltı , sy. 11, İstanbul 1941, s. 5-7.
Sedit Yüksel, “Edebiyatımızda Ramazan”, TDe. , VII (1977), s. 35-39.
a.mlf., “Koca Ragıp Paşa’nın Ramazaniyyesi”, a.e. , s. 41-46.
Mustafa Uzun, “Edebiyatımızda Ramazan ve Ramazaniyeler”, Nesil , sy. 11, İstanbul 1979, s. 18-26.
Abdülkadir Karahan, “Ramazan Edebiyatı ve Ramazaniyyeler”, Diyanet Dergisi , XXVI/2, Ankara 1990, s. 95-99.
Âmil Çelebioğlu, “Edebiyatımızda Ramazan”, TY , X/32 (378) (1990), s. 47-49.
Halit Dursunoğlu, “Klasik Türk Edebiyatında Ramazan Konulu Şiirler”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 22, Erzurum 2003, s. 9-30.
Atabey Kılıç, “Klasik Şiirimizde Ramazan Üzerine”, Yedi İklim , sy. 177, İstanbul 2004, s. 32-35.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 439-440 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.