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REC‘AT Skip to content REC‘AT Bazı Şiî gruplarına göre imamın ölümden veya gaybete girmesinden sonra zuhuru, İsnâaşeriyye Şîası’na göre ise kıyametin kopmasından önce imamların ve onlara zulmedenlerin yeniden dünyaya dönmesi anlamında bir terim.
Müellif: İlyas Üzüm
Sözlükte “dönmek, geri gelmek” mânasındaki rücû‘ kökünden masdar ismi olan rec‘at “geri dönüş” demektir; kelime Türkçe’ye ric‘at şeklinde geçmiştir. Câhiliye Arapları’nda öldükten sonra tekrar dünyaya dönme inancının bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir (Cevâd Ali, VI, 142-143). Muhtemelen bu sebeple bazı sözlüklerde rec‘at kelimesinin muhtevasına bu anlam eklenmiştir (İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “rcʿ” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “rcʿ” md.). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de rücû‘ kavramı “öldükten sonra tekrar dünyaya dönme” veya “ölmek üzere iken geri çevrilip dünyaya gönderilme” mânasında yer almakta, fakat bunun kâfirlerin temennisi olduğu haber verilmektedir (el-Mü’minûn 23/99-100; Fâtır 35/36-37).
Kaynaklara göre rec‘at fikrini ilk ortaya atan kişi Abdullah b. Sebe’dir. İbn Sebe, Hz. Ali hakkında İslâm inancına aykırı fikirler ileri sürmüş, Hz. Ali’nin şehid edilmesinden sonra onun gerçekte ölmediğini, bir gün tekrar dünyaya gelip yeryüzünü adaletle dolduracağını iddia etmiştir (Eş‘arî, I, 86; Şehristânî, I, 177). Bağdâdî’nin naklettiğine göre İbn Sebe, Hz. Ali’nin durumunu Hz. Îsâ’ya benzetmiş, onun öldürülmeyip göğe çıktığını ve bir gün dünyaya inip düşmanlarından intikam alacağını söylemiştir (el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ, s. 233-234). Bu düşünce Abdullah b. Sebe’nin ardından bazı mensupları tarafından bir müddet devam ettirilmiş, ancak çok geçmeden ortadan kalkmıştır.
Rec‘at düşüncesi ilk defa Keysâniyye’de görülmüştür. Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’yi imam ve mehdî kabul eden Keysâniyye, onun 81 (700) yılında vefatından sonra bazı kollara ayrılmış, bunlar rec‘ati “gāib imamın yahut mehdînin tekrar zuhuru” anlamında kullanmıştır. Meselâ Kerbiyye, Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin ölmediğini, Medine’nin batısındaki Radvâ dağında yaşadığını, yanındaki bir aslan ve kaplan tarafından korunduğunu, sabah akşam yiyeceğinin verildiğini, bir gün yeniden ortaya çıkacağını iddia etmiştir. Keysâniyye’nin Harbiyye kolu ise Abdullah b. Amr b. Harb el-Kindî’nin imâmetini benimsemişken onun ihanetini ve yalancılığını öğrenince Abdullah b. Muâviye’yi imam tanımış, Abdullah’ın ölümünün ardından mensuplarının bir kısmı onun ölmediğini, İsfahan’da bir dağda ikamet ettiğini ve bir müddet sonra geri döneceğini ileri sürmüştür (Hasan b. Mûsâ en-Nevbahtî, s. 27-29). Zeydiyye’nin ilk dönem fırkalarından Cârûdiyye de rec‘ati “gāib imamın zuhuru” anlamında yorumlamıştır. Bunlara göre Muhammed en-Nefsüzzekiyye gerçekten öldürülmeyip gaybete girmiştir ve bir gün dünyaya geri dönecektir (Şehristânî, I, 157). İsnâaşeriyye’nin beşinci imamı Muhammed el-Bâkır’dan sonra hemen her imamın vefatının ardından onun mensupları birtakım gruplara ayrılmış, bunlardan bazıları imamın gerçekte ölmediğini, mehdî olarak bir gün geri döneceğini düşünmüştür. Tenâsühü benimseyen aşırı fırkaların dışındaki gruplarda rec‘at mehdî kabul edilen imamın yeniden zuhuru şeklinde anlaşılmıştır. Meselâ Bâkıriyye’den bir grup Muhammed el-Bâkır’ın, Nâvûsiyye fırkası Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın, Mûseviyye’den bir zümre Mûsâ el-Kâzım’ın, İsmâiliyye’den bir grup İsmâil b. Ca‘fer’in, Hasan el-Askerî’nin ölümünden sonra ortaya çıkan bir grup ise Hasan el-Askerî’nin ölmediğini, mehdî olarak dünyaya döneceğini ileri sürmüştür. Tenâsühü benimseyen aşırı fırkalar ise rec‘ati ölümden sonra ruhun yeni bir beden ve kalıpta dünyaya gelmesi diye kabul etmişlerdir (Hasan b. Mûsâ en-Nevbahtî, s. 36-37).
İsnâaşeriyye Şîası’nın müstakil bir fırka olarak gelişmesiyle rec‘at ayrı bir anlam kazanmış ve “imamlarla onlara zulmedenlerin kıyametin kopmasından önce diriltilip yeniden dünyaya gelmesi” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Bu mânada rec‘atin ilk defa ne zaman ortaya çıktığı bilinmemekle birlikte bunun IV. (X.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra olduğu muhakkaktır. Çünkü mezhebin dört temel hadis mecmuasından ilki olan Küleynî’nin el-Kâfî’sinde bu inanca dair bir rivayete yer verilmemiştir. Büyük ihtimalle Küleynî konuya dair rivayetlerin sıhhatine güvenmemiştir. Rec‘ati bir inanç şeklinde ortaya koyanlardan Şeyh Sadûk, fırkanın inançlarına dair olarak yazdığı risâlesinde rec‘ati yukarıda belirtilen anlamda açıklamış, bunun tenâsühle ilgili olmadığını, nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kıyamet öncesi dirilişlere işaret eden âyetler bulunduğunu söylemiştir (Risâletü’l-i‘tikadâti’l-İmâmiyye, s. 66-70). Şeyh Müfîd de hocasının risâlesi üzerine kaleme aldığı eserinde bu görüşleri teyit etmiş (Taṣḥîḥu’l-iʿtiḳād, s. 187-188), ayrıca diğer eserlerinde de mehdînin hükümranlığı sırasında daha önce vefat etmiş en değerli insanlarla en düşük insanların dünyaya döneceğini, birincilerin bu gelişmeden büyük memnuniyet duyacağını, diğerlerinin ise cezalandırılacağını ve daha sonra öleceklerini, bunun ilâhî kudrete aykırı düşmediğini ileri sürmüştür (Evâʾilü’l-maḳālât, s. 89-90). Ardından bu inanç kelâm kaynaklarına intikal etmiş, mezhebin özgün esaslarından biri olarak benimsenmiştir.
Hadis ve tefsir kitaplarıyla değişik eserlerde rec‘atle ilgili çok sayıda rivayete rastlanmaktadır. Meclisî bu eserleri tarayarak 150’den fazla rivayet ve görüş toplamıştır (Biḥârü’l-envâr, LIII, 39-144). Kısmen müphem ve çelişkili olan bu rivayetlerde dünyaya döneceklerle ilgili olarak meselâ bütün peygamberler yahut Resûl-i Ekrem ve Hz. Ali zikredildiği gibi imamların ve onlara zulmedenlerin de dünyaya geleceği, kabrinden ilk kalkacak kişinin Hz. Hüseyin olacağı kaydedilir. Başka rivayetlerde on ikinci imam zamanında on bir imamın hepsinin dirileceği, Allah için öldürülen herkesin yeniden dünyaya döneceği, derecesi en yüksek olanlarla en düşük olanların, ayrıca imamlarla birlikte onlara zulmedenlerin ve imanda zirvede olanlarla küfürde en aşırı gidenlerin dirileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu rivayetlerde yer alan en değerli, imanda zirvede olan kimselerle peygamberler ve imamlar, en düşük olanlarla da ilk üç halife ve bilhassa Muâviye, Yezîd, Mervân b. Hakem kastedilmektedir. Yine kabul edildiğine göre rec‘at halinde dünyaya geliş mehdînin zuhurundan sonra olacaktır. Zira rec‘atin sebebi, Allah’ın on ikinci imama lutfettiği başarıyı dostlarına göstermek ve düşmanlarından intikam almaktır (a.g.e. , a.y.).
Şiî kelâm kaynaklarında, rec‘atle ilgili rivayetler arasındaki farklılıklara ve belirsizliklere yönelmekten çok rec‘atin akıl bakımından mümkün olduğu, ayrıca hakkında çok sayıda nas bulunduğu, dolayısıyla buna inanmak gerektiği doğrultusunda açıklamalar yapılmaktadır. Şiî müfessir ve kelâmcıları rec‘ati Kur’an’a dayandırmak için çok sayıda âyetle istidlâlde bulunmuşlardır. a) Kur’an’da, sayıları binlerce olup ölüm korkusuyla yurtlarından çıkan ve Allah’ın “ölün” emriyle ölüp yine O’nun tarafından diriltilen kimselerden söz edilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/243); buna göre ölümden sonra kıyamet öncesinde dirilme vardır. b) Kur’an’da, mağaralarında uzun süre -bir bakıma ölü gibi- kalıp yeniden hayata döndürülen Ashâb-ı Kehf’ten bahsedilmektedir (el-Kehf 18/9-26), bu ise bir tür rec‘ati çağrıştırmaktadır. c) Yine, “O gün her ümmetin içinden âyetlerimizi yalan sayanlardan bir cemaat toplarız” meâlindeki âyet (en-Neml 27/83) bütün insanların toplanacağı genel haşirden önce özel bir haşrin bulunduğunu gösterir; imamlardan gelen rivayetlerde bu haşir rec‘at olarak yorumlanmıştır. d) “En büyük azaptan önce onlara mutlaka en yakın azaptan tattıracağız” âyetinin (es-Secde 32/21) açıklaması çerçevesinde imamlardan gelen rivayetlerde bu azabın rec‘at sonrasında zalimlerin uğrayacağı ceza olduğu bildirilmiştir. e) İnkâr edenlerin, “Rabbimiz! Bizi iki defa öldürdün, iki defa dirilttin” diyeceğini bildiren âyetle ilgili (el-Mü’min 40/11) Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan gelen bir rivayette iki diriltmeden birinin rec‘at, ikincisinin kıyamet, iki öldürmeden birinin dünyadaki normal ölüm, diğerinin rec‘at sonrası ölüm olduğu ifade edilmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. İbrâhim el-Mûsevî ez-Zencânî, II, 228-237).
İsnâaşeriyye Şîası’nda bu çerçevede rec‘at bir inanç olarak kabul edilmekle birlikte ilk dönemlerden itibaren bunu benimsemeyen, söz konusu rivayetleri te’vil eden bazı âlimler görülmüştür. Bunlar rec‘atin “mehdînin zuhuruyla birlikte siyasî gücün Ehl-i beyt’e döneceği” mânasına geldiğini söylemişlerdir. Günümüzde bazı Şiî âlimleri, rec‘atin bu şekilde te’vil edilmesinden ve diğer müslüman topluluklarının bu anlayışı şiddetle eleştirmesinden hareketle rec‘atin temel bir inanç olmadığını, ona inanmayan bir kimsenin müminliğine ve Şiî kimliğine zarar gelmeyeceğini belirtmişlerdir (örnek olarak bk. M. Cevâd Muğniyye, s. 54-55).
Mu‘tezile ve Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri İsnâaşeriyye’nin rec‘at anlayışına karşı çıkmışlardır. Mu‘tezile âlimlerinden Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Hayyât, Şîa’nın rec‘ati akıl bakımından imkân dahilinde gördüğünü, ilâhî kudret açısından da muhal saymadığını bildirdikten sonra mümkün olan bir şeyin âyet ve hadislerde haber verilmemişse gerçeklik ifade etmeyeceğini, bu konuda delil olarak gösterilen âyetlerin hiçbirinin bu mezhebin anladığı mânada rec‘ati ifade etmediğini; ayrıca Hâricîler, Mu‘tezile, Ehl-i hadîs, Mürcie ve Zeydiyye gibi İslâmî kesimlerin de böyle bir anlayışı reddettiğini söyler (el-İntiṣâr, s. 95-97). Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri de rec‘atin imâmet anlayışına bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığını ve dinî bir temelinin bulunmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Onlara göre, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçmiş dönemde bazı toplulukların diriltildiğini bildiren beyanlar mevcut olmakla birlikte Şîa’nın kabul ettiği tarzda rec‘ati ifade eden herhangi bir âyet mevcut değildir. Aksine, Kur’an’da inanıp iyi işler yapmak için yeniden dünyaya gelmek isteyen kişiler hakkında onların bu taleplerinin dikkate alınmayacağını ve yeniden dünyaya gönderilmenin söz konusu olmayacağını bildiren âyetler (meselâ bk. İbrâhîm 14/44; el-Mü’minûn 23/99-100) vardır (geniş bilgi için bk. Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, s. 200-203; Nâsır b. Abdullah b. Ali el-Gaffârî, II, 925-928).
Bazı şarkiyatçılar rec‘atin Şiîliğe Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’tan geçtiğini ileri sürmüştür. Bunlara göre Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te rec‘at niteliğinde bazı beyanlar vardır. Meselâ Tevrat’ta ve İncil’de İlyâs’ın Elişa ile yürürken ateşten yapılmış, ateşten atlar tarafından çekilen bir arabanın gelip onları birbirinden ayırdığı, İlyâs’ın göklere çıktığı, Rabb’in büyük ve korkunç günü gelmeden önce peygamber olarak dünyaya geri döneceği gibi bilgiler (Krallar, 2/1-12; Malaki, 5-6; Markos, 9/2-13) bir bakıma rec‘ati ifade etmektedir. Bu bilgiler Şîa’ya intikal etmiş ve zaman içinde bazı rivayetlerle beslenerek inanç halini almıştır. Ancak bu tür ilişkilendirmelerin bâtınî ve gālî Şîa grupları için bir dereceye kadar gerçekliği bulunsa da İsnâaşeriyye Şîası için bunu ispat etmek güçtür (Bulut, VIII/1 [2005], s. 140-141). Rec‘at konusunda Şiî âlimleri tarafından kaleme alınan eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: İbn Şâzân en-Nîsâbûrî, İs̱bâtü’r-recʿa fi’l-ḥadîs̱; Ebü’n-Nadr Muhammed b. Mes‘ûd el-Ayyâşî, Kitâbü’r-Recʿa; Hür el-Âmilî, el-Îḳāẓ mine’l-hecʿa bi’l-burhân ʿale’r-recʿa; Ahmed b. Hasan b. İsmâil, er-Recʿa ve eḥâdîs̱ühe’l-menḳūle ʿan âli’l-ʿiṣme; Ahmed b. Zeynüddin el-Ahsâî, Kitâbü’r-Recʿa (Beyrut 1414/1993; geniş bilgi için bk. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, X, 161-163).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Şâzân en-Nîsâbûrî, el-Îżâḥ (nşr. Celâleddin el-Hüseynî el-Urmevî), Tahran 1363 hş., s. 381-431. Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr , s. 95-97. Hasan b. Mûsâ en-Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa, Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 27-29, 36-37. Eş‘arî, Maḳālâtü’l-İslâmiyyîn (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Beyrut 1411/1990, I, 86, 119. Şeyh Müfîd, Evâʾilü’l-maḳālât (nşr. Fazlullah ez-Zencânî), Tebriz, ts. (Mektebetü serveş), s. 89-90. a.mlf., Taṣḥîḥu’l-iʿtiḳād (a.e. içinde), s. 187-188. İbn Bâbeveyh, Risâletü’l-i‘tikadâti’l-İmâmiyye: Şiî-İmâmiyye’nin İnanç Esasları (trc. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1978, s. 66-70. Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Beyrut 1413/1993, s. 233-236. Şerîf el-Murtazâ, Resâʾilü’ş-Şerîf el-Murtażâ (nşr. Mehdî Recâî), Kum 1405, II, 135-139. Şehristânî, el-Milel ve’n-niḥal (nşr. Ahmed F. Muhammed), Beyrut 1410/1990, I, 157, 177. Feyz-i Kâşânî, ʿİlmü’l-yaḳīn, Kum 1358 hş./1400, II, 823-830. Meclisî, Biḥârü’l-envâr, Beyrut 1403/1983, LIII, 39-144. Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Muḫtaṣarü’t-Tuḥfeti’l-İs̱nâʿaşeriyye (trc. Gulâm Muhammed b. Muhyiddin b. Ömer, nşr. Muhibbüddin el-Hatîb), İstanbul 1988, s. 200-203. Abdullah Şübber, Ḥaḳḳu’l-yaḳīn, Sayda 1352, II, 2-35.Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 23, 160, 205. Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VI, 142-143. Muhammed Rızâ el-Muzaffer, Şîa İnançları (trc. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1978, s. 63-66. İrfan Abdülhamîd, İslâm’da İtikadî Mezhepler ve Akaid Esasları (trc. M. Saim Yeprem), İstanbul 1981, s. 34. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa, Beyrut 1403/1983, X, 161-163. Muhammedî er-Reyşehrî, Mîzânü’l-ḥikme, Beyrut 1403/1983, IV, 56-60. İbrâhim el-Mûsevî ez-Zencânî, ʿAḳāʾidü’l-İmâmiyyeti’l-İs̱nâʿaşeriyye, Kum 1363 hş./1984, II, 228-241. Ali el-Yezdî el-Hâirî, İlzâmü’n-nâṣıb fî is̱bâti’l-ḥücceti’l-ġāʾib, Beyrut 1404/1984, II, 309-366. Mûsâ el-Mûsevî, eş-Şîʿa ve’t-taṣḥîḥ, [baskı yeri yok] 1408/1988, s. 141-145. M. Cevâd Muğniyye, eş-Şîʿa fi’l-mîzân, Beyrut 1409/1989, s. 54-55. Ahmed b. Zeynüddin el-Ahsâî, Kitâbü’r-Recʿa, Beyrut 1414/1993, tür.yer. Nâsır b. Abdullah b. Ali el-Gaffârî, Uṣûlü meẕhebi’ş-Şîʿa, [baskı yeri yok] 1414/1993, II, 911-928. Halil İbrahim Bulut, “Şiî Fırkalarda Gaybet ve Ric‘at İnancı”, İslâmiyât, VIII/1, Ankara 2005, s. 139-156. M. Hüseyin el-A‘lemî el-Hâirî, Dâʾiretü’l-maʿârifi’ş-Şîʿiyyeti’l-ʿâmme, Beyrut 1413/1992, X, 46-48. Muhammed Kerîmî Zencânî, “Recʿat”, DMT , VIII, 180-185. E. Kohlberg, “Rad̲j̲ʿa”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 371-373.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 504-506 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.