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RÛHU’l-BEYÂN Skip to content İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî’nin (ö. 1137/1725) tasavvufî tefsiri.
1096 (1685) yılında şeyhi Atpazarî Osman Fazlı Efendi tarafından Bursa’ya halife olarak gönderildikten sonra Ulucami’de vaaz etmeye başlayan ve vaazlarında Kur’an’ı tefsir eden İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî Rûḥu’l-beyân fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾân adlı Arapça eserini bu dönemde telife karar vermiştir. Müellif, Balkanlar’da bulunduğu sırada çeşitli tefsirlerden derlemeler yaparak oluşturduğu Nisâ sûresinin 78. âyetine kadar gelen çalışmasının Bakara sûresinin 267. âyetine kadar olan bölümünü yeniden gözden geçirip tefsirin başına koymuş ve kaldığı yerden yazmaya devam etmiştir. Bu sebeple eserde Bakara sûresinin 267. âyetinden önce de bir mukaddime yer almaktadır. Rûḥu’l-beyân yaklaşık yirmi bir yılda yazılmış, müellifin şeyhini beş defa İstanbul’da ve son olarak Kıbrıs’ta ziyaret etmesi, II. Mustafa zamanında katıldığı I ve II. Avusturya seferleri, on yedi ay süren ilk haccı (1111/1700), 1114 (1703) yılı Ramazanı Kadir gecesinde Bursa Ulucamii’nde meydana gelen katil hadisesinden sonra bir süre vaazlarına ara vermesi, üç ay süren şiddetli bir hastalık geçirmesi gibi sebepler eserin tamamlanmasını geciktirmiştir. Rûḥu’l-beyân’ın yazımı 14 Cemâziyelevvel 1117’de (3 Eylül 1705), vaaz olarak takriri 28 Cemâziyelevvelde Ulucami’de sona ermiş, hatim meclisine büyük bir cemaat katılmıştır.
İsmâil Hakkı’nın yetişme döneminde okuduğu kitapların Rûḥu’l-beyân’ın şekillenmesinde büyük tesiri olmuştur. Vaaz ve irşad faaliyetleri münasebetiyle başta tefsirler olmak üzere çeşitli kaynaklardan faydalanarak meydana getirdiği tefsir mecmuaları da bir tefsir yazma hususunda kendisine cesaret vermiştir. Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf’ı, Râzî’nin Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb’ı, Kurtubî’nin el-Câmiʿi, Kādî Beyzâvî’nin Envârü’t-tenzîl’i, Nesefî’nin Medârikü’t-tenzîl’i, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’nin el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ’i, Alâeddin Semerkandî’nin Baḥrü’l-ʿulûm’u, Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin İrşâdü’l-ʿaḳli’s-selîm’i gibi tefsirlerle Necmeddîn-i Dâye’nin Baḥrü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ ve’l-meʿânî’si, Kevâşî’nin Tebṣıratü’l-müteẕekkir’i, Abdürrezzâk el-Kâşânî’nin Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân’ı, Rûzbihân-ı Baklî’nin ʿArâʾisü’l-beyân’ı gibi tasavvufî tefsirler Rûḥu’l-beyân’ın en önemli kaynaklarıdır. Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî’nin ve Osman Fazlı Efendi’nin eserleri de Rûḥu’l-beyân’a kaynaklık etmiştir.
Rûḥu’l-beyân’ın mukaddime ve hâtimeleriyle bazı eserlerinde tefsirin yazılışı, metodu ve özellikleriyle ilgili bilgiler aktaran İsmâil Hakkı vaaz ve nasihatle meşgul olduğu için mev‘izaya önem vermiş, tefsir vecihlerini fazla çoğaltmamış ve âyetlerin kolay anlaşılmasını sağlayacak kadarıyla yetinmiştir. Önce şer‘î esasları ve hükümleri, ardından tasavvufî yorumları zikretmiş, bu arada tergīb ve terhîbe dair hususları da eklemiştir. Başka kaynaklardan aldığı ibareleri genellikle değiştirmeden vermiştir. Önceki tefsirlerde bulunmayan bazı ilâveler yapmış, kendi görüşlerini “fakir der ki …” sözüyle belirtmiş, uygun yerlere Farsça beyitler eklemiştir. Farsça şiirleri çoğunlukla Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin Mes̱nevî’si, Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî’nin Dîvân’ı, Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî’nin Bostân ve Gülistân’ı, Molla Câmî’nin eserleri gibi kaynaklardan nakletmiştir. Ona göre Rûḥu’l-beyân ibare, işaret ve rabbânî ilhamın faydalarını bir araya getiren, her türlü ilim ve mârifeti ihtiva eden sade bir tefsirdir.
Eserde âyetler bir veya birkaç kelime halinde ele alınarak sarf, nahiv, iştikak ve mâna yönünden tahlil edilmiştir. Müellif bu hususta faydalandığı Râgıb el-İsfahânî’nin el-Müfredât’ı gibi kaynakları genellikle belirtmiştir. Nâdiren de olsa Arap şiiriyle istişhadda bulunulmuş, kıraat vecihlerine, kıraat farklarından doğan anlam değişikliklerine fazlaca yer verilmemiştir. İsmâil Hakkı, Kur’an’ın i‘câzına da işaret ederek bu hususta kaynaklardan mâlûmat aktarmış, istiare, teşbih, mecaz ve kinaye gibi edebî sanatların yer aldığı âyetlerde bu konuya dikkat çekmiş, kasr, tahsis, hazf, îsâl gibi meânî konularına da işaret etmiştir.
Tasavvufî yönü ağır basan bir tefsir olarak tanınmakla birlikte Rûḥu’l-beyân, kaynakları dolayısıyla hem rivayet hem dirâyet tefsirinin özelliklerini taşıyan çok yönlü bir eserdir. Rivayet tefsirlerinde olduğu gibi bu eserde de Kur’an’ın Kur’an’la, sünnetle, sahâbe ve tâbiînden gelen sözlerle tefsir edilmesi esasına uyulmuştur. Âyetler arasında anlam yönünden yakınlığa işaret edilmeye çalışılmış, bu arada esbâb-ı nüzûle de temas edilmiştir. Nüzûl sebeplerini sahâbeden nakledilen, senedi zikredilmeden aktarılan, aralarında tercih yapılmadan verilen rivayetler, müfessirlerin ortak görüşü olan rivayetler ve İsmâil Hakkı’nın kendi görüşünü ilâve ettiği rivayetler şeklinde tasnif etmek mümkündür. Eserde nâsih ve mensuh âyetler üzerinde de durulmuştur. İsmâil Hakkı’ya göre Kur’an’ın zâhirî hükümlerinde nesih olabilirse de bâtınî hikmet ve hakikatlerde nesih ihtimali yoktur.
Rûḥu’l-beyân’da nakledilen hadislerin önemli bir kısmı sahih olmakla birlikte zayıf ve mevzû kabul edilen rivayetlere de rastlanmaktadır. Bu yönüyle eser özellikle hadis âlimleri tarafından eleştirilmiştir. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde hadisleri çok defa senedsiz zikreden Zemahşerî, Beyzâvî ve Ebüssuûd gibi müfessirlerin tefsirlerinde zayıf, münker veya mevzû hadisler olduğunu belirttikten sonra İsmâil Hakkı’nın da hadis ilmine âşina olmadığını ifade eder. Muhaddislerce tenkide tâbi tutulan rivayetleri aktarırken zaman zaman muhaddislerin bu rivayetlerle ilgili görüşlerini de veren İsmâil Hakkı, hadis usulü kurallarını kabul etmekle birlikte sahih keşfi de hadis ahzi veya bir hadisin tesbit ve tashihinde yeterli görmektedir. Öte yandan onun tergīb ve terhîb konusunda zayıf hadislerle amel edilebileceğine dair kuraldan istifade ettiği görülmektedir. Zayıf ve mevzû rivayetlerin tefsirinde yer almasında itibar ettiği kaynaklara güveninin tam olmasının da etkisi olduğu söylenebilir. İsmâil Hakkı kelâm ilmine dair meselelere kısaca temas etmiş, bazan kendi görüşlerini de belirtmiş, başta Mu‘tezile olmak üzere Kaderiyye, Cebriyye ve Cehmiyye gibi mezheplerin Ehl-i sünnet’e muhalif görüşlerini tenkit etmiştir. Hanefî mezhebine mensup olmakla birlikte ahkâm âyetlerinin tefsirinde diğer Sünnî mezheplerin görüşlerine de yer vermiş, ahkâm âyetlerini tefsir ederken zaman zaman usûl-i fıkıh kaidelerini zikretmiştir. Mezhep imamlarının görüşlerini açıklarken bazan kendi görüşünü de ortaya koymuştur. İsmâil Hakkı’nın Zemahşerî, Beyzâvî, Râzî, Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Celâleyn, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, Şeyhzâde, Kevâşî ve Ebüssuûd Efendi gibi müfessirlere eleştiriler yönelttiği görülmektedir. Rûḥu’l-beyân nakil ve derleme yönü ağır basan bir tefsir olup İsmâil Hakkı da bunun farkındadır. Nitekim birkaç yerde eserin “derleme” (cem‘), kendisinin de “derleyen” (câmi‘) olduğunu söyler (I, 370, 409; III, 549; IV, 3). Tefsirin tutulmasının bir sebebi de yapılan nakillerin iyi bir kompozisyonla sunulmasıdır.
Eserin tasavvufî yönünü büyük ölçüde tasavvufî tefsir ve eserlerden yapılan nakiller oluşturur. Müellifin bu konuda en önemli kaynağı Necmeddîn-i Dâye’nin Baḥrü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ’ıdır. Tefsirin tasavvufî yönünün teşekkülünde Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî’nin ve kendi şeyhi Osman Fazlı Efendi’nin eserlerinden yapılan nakiller de önemli yer tutar. Rûḥu’l-beyân’da ibretli kıssa ve hikâyelere geniş yer verilmiştir. Bir taraftan vaaz olarak takrir edilirken bir taraftan yazılan bir tefsirde bunlara rastlanması şaşırtıcı değildir. Zaman zaman kıssalar, doğruluk derecesine bakılmadan didaktik tarafı ve ibret alınacak yönleri düşünülerek nakledilmiştir. Bu özelliği sebebiyle eser vâizler için önemli bir kaynak olmuştur. Nitekim Zâhid Kevserî, vâizlerin kalplere rikkat veren hikâyeler ihtiva etmesi sebebiyle Rûḥu’l-beyân’a çok önem verdiklerini söyler. Eserde İsrâiliyat’ın yer alması kaynağı olan eserler vasıtasıyladır. Esasen Rûḥu’l-beyân’da bu tür haber ve hikâyelerin nakledilmesine uygun bir üslûp kullanılmıştır. Müellif, eserinde halka zulmeden devlet adamlarına ağır eleştiriler yöneltmiş, bu arada dönemin padişahı IV. Mehmed’i tenkit etmekten çekinmemiştir (II, 20).
Rûḥu’l-beyân’ın tesirleri günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. İsmâil Hakkı’nın çağdaşlarından Hüdâyî Âsitânesi postnişini Yâkub Afvî Tuḥfetü’l-vüʿʿâẓ adlı eserinde (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî, nr. 623) Rûḥu’l-beyân’dan nakillerde bulunmuştur. Yine çağdaşı müelliflerden Eşrefzâde İzzeddin Efendi’nin Enîsü’l-cinân fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾân’ında (Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Ktp., Genel, nr. 976-977) hem metot hem muhteva bakımından Rûḥu’l-beyân’ın izlerini görmek mümkündür. Eşrefzâde’nin oğlu Abdülkadir Necib’in Zübdetü’l-beyân isimli tefsirinin (Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Ktp., Genel, nr. 217-218) ana kaynaklarından biri de Rûḥu’l-beyân’dır. Gazzîzâde Abdüllatîf Efendi, Fütûhât-ı Kenzi’l-Kur’ân adlı Türkçe tefsirini hazırlarken Rûḥu’l-beyân’dan istifade etmiştir. Mehmed b. Osman el-Hilmî el-Adavî’nin 1851’de yazdığı Tefsîr-i Sûre-i Vâkıa’da (İstanbul 1310) nakillerin neredeyse yarıdan fazlası Rûḥu’l-beyân’dan alınmıştır. Evliyâzâde İsmâil Hakkı’nın Miftâhu’t-tefâsîr adlı eseri (İstanbul 1286) önemli ölçüde Rûḥu’l-beyân’dan seçilen konulardan oluşur. Hasan Basri Çantay âyet meâllerine eklediği dipnotlarda Rûḥu’l-beyân’dan faydalanmıştır. Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen tefsirini hazırlarken istifade ettiği eserler arasında Kādî Beyzâvî, Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin tefsirlerinden sonra Rûḥu’l-beyân’ı zikreder.
Eseri Seyyid Muhammed Nûrî el-Kādirî Telḫîṣü’t-tibyân min Rûḥi’l-beyân, Mustafa Sabri er-Reşîdî el-Kādirî Reyḥânetü’l-iḫvân el-maḳṭûfe min riyâżi’l-cinân el-menḳūle min Tefsîri Rûḥi’l-beyân adıyla kısaltmıştır. Eser, Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî tarafından Tenvîrü’l-eẕhân min Tefsîri Rûḥi’l-beyân ismiyle ihtisar ve tahkik edilmiştir (Dımaşk 1988). Sâbûnî tefsirde geçen Farsça metinlerle zayıf ve mevzû gördüğü rivayetleri çıkarmıştır. Sâbûnî’nin eseri bir heyet tarafından Muhtasar Rûhu’l-beyân Tefsîri adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1995-1996). Aşçı İbrâhim Dede, Tercemetü’l-Fârisiyye fî Tefsîri’l-Hakkıyye adlı eserinde tefsirde geçen Farsça metinleri Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 3210-3213).
İsmâil Hakkı Rûḥu’l-beyân’ı üç cilt olarak düzenlemiştir. Eserin müellif hattı nüshası on altı defter halinde Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 12-27). Rûḥu’l-beyân üç (İstanbul ve Bulak 1255), dört (Bulak 1264, 1276; İstanbul 1285, 1286, 1306), altı (Bulak 1278, 1287) ve on cilt halinde (İstanbul 1330, bu baskı daha sonra İstanbul’da ve Arap dünyasında ofset yoluyla çoğaltılmıştır) birçok defa basılmıştır. Eserin Hasan Kâmil Yılmaz başkanlığında bir heyet tarafından Rûhu’l-beyân: Kur’an Meâli ve Tefsiri adıyla Türkçe’ye yapılan tercümesinin (I-VIII, İstanbul 2005-2007) yayımı devam etmektedir. Ömer Faruk Hilmi’nin tercümesi de (I-XI, İstanbul, ts.) henüz tamamlanmamıştır. Sakıp Yıldız, hazırladığı doktora tezinin üçte birini Rûḥu’l-beyân’a ayırmış ve tefsiri çeşitli yönlerden incelemiştir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Rûḥu’l-beyân, İstanbul 1330, I-X; a.mlf., Rûhu’l-beyân: Kur’an Meâli ve Tefsiri (trc. Hasan Kâmil Yılmaz v.dğr.), İstanbul 1426/2005, Ali Namlı’nın “İsmail Hakkı Bursevî Hazretlerinin Hayatı ve Eserleri” başlıklı yazısı, I, 39-62; a.mlf., Tamâmü’l-feyz-II (haz. Ali Namlı, yüksek lisans tezi, 1994), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 79-80, 107-109; a.mlf., Min Vâridâti’l-faḳīr İsmâʿîl Ḥaḳḳī, Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 789, vr. 126b -128b ; a.mlf., Mecmua, Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., nr. 3507, vr. 74b ; a.mlf., Silsilenâme-i Celvetî, Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Şer‘iyye, nr. 1040, vr. 63a-b ; a.mlf., Kitâbü’n-Netîce (haz. Ali Namlı – İmdat Yavaş), İstanbul 1997, I, 87; II, 79-80, 108, 430; Aşçı İbrahim Dede, Aşçı Dede’nin Hatıraları (haz. Mustafa Koç – Eyyüp Tanrıverdi), İstanbul 2006, hazırlayanların “Giriş”i, s. XLVII-XLVIII; Dâvud Çelebi, Fihrisü Kitâbi Maḫṭûṭâti’l-Mevṣıl, Bağdad 1927, s. 89, 231; Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., II, 652; Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde, et-Taʿlîḳātü’l-ḥâfile ʿale’l-Ecvibeti’l-fâżıla (Leknevî, el-Ecvibetü’l-fâżıla [nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde] içinde), Halep 1384/1964, s. 132-135; M. Zâhid el-Kevserî, Maḳālât, Kahire, ts. (Matbaatü’l-envâr), s. 483-484; Sâkıb Yıldız, L’exégète turc Ismâ‘il Hakkî Burûsawî, sa vie, ses oeuvres et la méthode dans son tafsîr Rûh al-Bayân (doktora tezi, 1972), L’Université de Sorbonne Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humanies; Ali Namlı, İsmail Hakkı Bursevî: Hayatı, Eserleri, Tarîkat Anlayışı, İstanbul 2001, s. 37-39, 54, 85, 179-181, 213-214.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 211-213 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.