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RÛMİYYE Skip to content Kādiriyye tarikatının İsmâil Rûmî’ye (ö. 1041/1631) nisbet edilen bir kolu.
Tarikat kurucusunun “Rûmî” nisbesinden dolayı Rûmiyye diye anıldığı gibi adına nisbetle İsmâiliyye olarak da bilinir. Kādiriyye İstanbul’da ilk defa Rûmiyye kolu ile temsil edilmiştir. İsmâil Rûmî’nin tarikat silsilesi, biri Bağdat’ta Kādirî Âsitânesi şeyhi Abdülkādir-i Geylânî neslinden Feyzullah Efendi ile, diğeri Geylânî’nin oğlu Abdürrezzâk koluna bağlı Ahmed b. Süleyman Rûmî ile olmak üzere iki ayrı yolla tarikatın pîri Abdülkādir-i Geylânî’ye ulaşır. İsmâil Rûmî Kastamonu, Tosya, Bursa, İzmir, İzmit, Manisa, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Selânik, Girit, İştip, Köstence, Filibe, Serez, Tımışvar gibi şehirlerde ve Mısır’da tekkeler kurdurduktan sonra 1020’de (1611) İstanbul’a gelerek Sofular Camii’nde irşad faaliyetine başlamış, ardından bu faaliyetleri Tophane’de yaptırdığı Kādirîhâne’de sürdürmüştür. Kurdurduğu tekkelerin sayısının kırk sekizi bulduğu kaydedilmektedir (Seyyid Sırrı Ali, s. 52). Kādirîhâne, kuruluşundan tekkelerin kapatıldığı 1925 yılına kadar Rûmiyye koluna bağlı kalmış, yalnızca pîr makamı olduğu Rûmiyye kolunun değil genelde Kādiriyye tarikatının Osmanlı başşehrindeki âsitânesi sıfatını taşımış, bu sebeple diğer Kādirî kollarına ait icâzetnâmeler de burada görev yapan şeyhler tarafından onaylanmıştır. Kādirîhâne postuna oturan şeyhler bir dönemden sonra Eşrefiyye kolundan da icâzet aldıkları için salı günleri öğleden sonra yapılan tarikat âyinini hem Rûmiyye hem Eşrefiyye usulü üzere icra etmişler, müridleri Rûmiyye veya Eşrefiyye prensiplerine göre yetiştirmişlerdir (Tomar-Kādiriyye, s. 54).
I. Ahmed tarafından davet edildiği Sultan Ahmed Camii’nin açılış töreninde İsmâil Rûmî cuma namazından sonra camide Kādirî âyini icra etmiş ve bu gelenek sonraki asırlarda da Kādirî şeyhleri tarafından sürdürülmüştür. Hüseyin Ayvansarâyî, Sultan Ahmed Camii’nin yerinde daha önce bir Kādirî tekkesi bulunduğunu, o sebeple burada Kādirî âyininin icra edildiğini belirtmektedir (Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘, I, 19). Mehmed Rifat el-Kādirî muhtemelen aynı sebeple bu camiyi İsmâil Rûmî’nin tekkelerinden biri olarak kaydetmiştir (Nefhatü’r-riyâzi’l-âliye, vr. 37b ).
İsmâil Rûmî, henüz hayatta iken halifesi ve damadı Şerif Halil Efendi’yi Kādirîhâne’ye şeyh tayin etmiştir. Bağdat’taki Kādirî Âsitânesi’nin şeyhi Feyzullah Efendi’nin oğlu olan Halil Efendi, Kādirîhâne meşihatını 1925 yılına kadar üstlenen ve “Şerifler hânedanı” olarak bilinen şeyh ailesinin tekke yönetimindeki ilk temsilcisidir. Şerîf-i evvel diye tanınan Halil Efendi’nin ardından posta sırasıyla Fâzıl Mehmed Efendi, Abdurrahman Efendi (şerîf-i sânî), Hüseyin Efendi, Halil Efendi, Mehmed Efendi, Ahmed Efendi, Mehmed Sırrı Efendi, Abdurrahman Efendi, Mehmed Fahreddin Efendi, Mehmed Emin Efendi, Ali Rızâ Efendi, Abdüşşekûr Efendi (Büyük Şekûr), Mehmed Şerefeddin Efendi, Ahmed Muhyiddin Efendi, Abdüşşekûr Efendi (Pamuk Efendi), İsmâil Gavsî Efendi oturmuştur.
Abdurrahman Efendi (şerîf-i sânî) (ö. 1123/1711), Halvetiyye-Sinâniyye şeyhi Halepli Şerif Mehmed’in oğlu Şeyh Hasan Efendi’ye damat olmuş ve kendisinden Halvetiyye icâzeti alarak Rûmiyye ile Halvetiyye’yi şahsında birleştirmiş, bu birlikteliğin sembolü olarak Halvetî-Sinânî tacının üstüne Kādirî gülü koydurmuştur. Sonraki Kādirîhâne şeyhleri de bu tacı özel günlerde kullanarak onun hâtırasını yaşatmıştır. Yine Kādîrihâne şeyhlerinden Mehmed (Ahmed) Efendi’nin Halvetiyye-Cerrâhiyye Âsitânesi’nin şeyhi Yahyâ Efendi’ye damat olması sebebiyle iki tarikat arasında yakınlık meydana gelmiş, Mehmed Efendi kayınpederini Cerrâhî Âsitânesi’nde ziyareti sırasında Yahyâ Efendi, zikrin bir aşamasından sonra Abdülkādir-i Geylânî’ye hürmeten Kādirî evrâdı okuyarak devranı Kādirî usulüne göre icra etmesi için damadına bırakmıştır. Bu usul Kādirî ve Cerrâhî şeyhleri arasında bayram kutlamaları sırasında devam ettirilmiştir.
Rûmiyye ile Halvetiyye tarikatları arasında şeyhlerin akrabalık bağları dolayısıyla oluşan bu yakınlığın bir benzeri Nakşibendiyye ile meydana gelmiştir. Kādirîhâne postnişinlerinden Ahmed Efendi (ö. 1216/1801), kızı Fatma Hanım’ı Dolmabahçe’deki Nakşibendiyye’ye ait Çakır Dede Tekkesi’nin (Karaabalı Tekkesi) şeyhi Tâhir Efendi ile evlendirdiği ve damadına Rûmiyye’den icâzet verdiği gibi Çakır Dede Tekkesi şeyhlerinden Attar Mehmed Efendi de kızını Kādirîhâne postnişinlerinden Mehmed Emin Efendi ile (ö. 1261/1845) evlendirip Nakşibendiyye’den hilâfet vermiştir.
XVIII. yüzyılda Hüseyin Efendi ile onun yerine geçen Halil Efendi’nin meşihat dönemlerinde saray çevresiyle geliştirdikleri ilişkiler Rûmiyye’nin İstanbul’da daha da yaygınlaşmasını sağlamıştır. 1860 yılında posta oturan Mehmed Şerefeddin Efendi’nin Meclis-i Meşâyih’in kurulmasında katkıları olmuş ve 1868-1880 yılları arasında bu mecliste görev yapmıştır. Oğlu Ahmed Muhyiddin Efendi, Aralık 1896’da getirildiği Meclis-i Meşâyih başkanlığını Rodos’a sürgün edildiği 1906 yılına kadar sürdürmüştür.
İstanbul’da Rûmiyye’ye ait tekkelerden Silivrikapı’daki Körükçü Tekkesi, İsmâil Rûmî’nin emriyle halifelerinden Körükçü Mehmed Efendi tarafından inşa ettirilmiş, 1172 (1758) yılından sonra Sa‘diyye, Halvetiyye-Sünbüliyye ve Kādiriyye-Eşrefiyye’nin tasarrufuna girmiştir. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında Fatih’te Kubbe Tekkesi’ni kuran Süleyman Efendi, İsmâil Rûmî’nin Rumeli’deki halifelerinden Osman Karadâğî’den gelen silsileye mensuptur. 1180’de (1766) Rifâiyye tarikatına intikal eden bu tekkenin önemi, XVIII. yüzyılda Fatih Şehremini’deki Remlî Tekkesi ile Altımermer’deki Sinek Şeyh Halil Efendi Tekkesi’nin şeyhlerini yetiştirmiş olmasından gelir. Remlî Tekkesi 1775-1839 yılları arasında Sa‘diyye tarikatının kontrolüne geçmişse de tekrar Rûmiyye’ye bağlanmış ve son dönemlere kadar faaliyetini sürdürmüştür. Sinek Şeyh Halil Efendi Tekkesi 1797’den sonra Mevlevî şeyhlerinin tasarrufuna geçmiştir. Fatih’teki Çenezâde Tekkesi XVIII. yüzyılda Ziyâeddin Mehmed Efendi tarafından kurulmuş, Ziyâeddin Efendi’den sonra tekkenin şeyhliğini oğlu Ahmed Efendi üstlenmiştir. Bu yüzyılda Rûmiyye adına Eyüp’te iki tekke inşa edilmiştir. Bunlardan Mahmud Efendi Tekkesi, Osman Karadâğî’den gelen silsileye mensup Mahmud Efendi tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Eyüp’te kurulan diğer Rûmiyye tekkesi Hatuniye Tekkesi’dir (Çakmak Hasan Efendi Tekkesi / Hoca Hüsam Tekkesi). Seyyid Hasan Efendi’nin kurduğu bu tekke XIX. yüzyılda Selim Sırrı Efendi ile birlikte Nakşibendiyye’ye intikal etmiştir. Haseki’de Şeyh Tâhâ Tekkesi, Sultanahmet’te Kaygusuz Tekkesi, Hasköy’de Abdüsselâm Camii’ne meşihat konulmak suretiyle kurulan Abdüsselâm Camii Tekkesi, Fındıklı’daki Ali Baba Tekkesi, Rumelihisarı’nda Ahmed Sıdkı Efendi Tekkesi, Emirgân’da Haffaf Hüseyin Efendi Tekkesi, Çengelköy’de Şeyh Nevruz Tekkesi, Kasımpaşa’da Aynî Ali Baba Tekkesi XIX. yüzyılda İstanbul’da açılan diğer Rûmiyye tekkeleridir.
Rûmiyye adına kurulan tekkelerden bazıları zamanla diğer tarikatlara intikal etmiş, bu arada başka tarikatlardan Rûmiyye’ye bağlanan tekkeler de olmuştur. Halvetiyye’ye ait Eminönü’ndeki Aydınoğlu Tekkesi’nin şeyhliğini 1664-1683 yılları arasında Kādirîhâne şeyhlerinden Fâzıl Mehmed Efendi yürütmüştür. Kasımpaşa’da Halvetiyye-Sivâsiyye’ye mensup Muabbir Tekkesi, 1733’te Ali Vâhidî Efendi tarafından Rûmiyye’ye bağlanmıştır. Muabbir Tekkesi’nin şeyhliği daha sonra Nakşibendiyye’nin kontrolüne geçmiştir. Hulvî, Karabaş, Ağaçayırı, Peyk Dede ve Kasım Çavuş tekkeleri Halvetiyye’den Rûmiyye’ye intikal eden diğer tekkelerdir. Tophane’de Kādirîhâne’ye çok yakın bir mevkide bulunan Karabaş Tekkesi 1784’te Debbağzâde Mustafa Muhsin Efendi, Kocamustafapaşa’da bulunan Ağaçayırı Tekkesi 1792’de Ebûbekir Efendi, Silivrikapı’da Halvetiyye-Gülşeniyye’ye ait Peyk Dede Tekkesi Hilâlci İbrâhim Efendi, Kasımpaşa’da Kasım Çavuş Tekkesi 1838’de İsmâil Aşkî Efendi tarafından Rûmiyye’ye intikal ettirilmiştir.
Bayramiyye’ye ait Şehremini’deki Yavaşça Mehmed Ağa Tekkesi 1770’te Kādirî şeyhlerinden Mehmed Emin Sırrı ile Rûmiyye’ye geçmiş ve XIX. yüzyılın sonuna kadar faaliyetini sürdürmüştür. Bayramiyye-Melâmiyye’ye ait Kasımpaşa’daki Saçlı Emîr Tekkesi XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Ali Efendi tarafından Rûmiyye’ye bağlanmış, tekke son dönemlerde Bektaşîler’e intikal etmiştir. Bayramiyye’den Rûmiyye’ye geçen bir başka tekke Paşmakçı Tekkesi’dir. Tekkeyi sonraki dönemlerde Rifâî-Bayrâmî şeyhleri yönetmiştir. Bayramiyye-Himmetiyye’ye ait Çarşamba’daki Mehmed Ağa Tekkesi, 1855-1868 yılları arasında Rûmiyye’nin tasarrufuna geçmiştir.
Edirnekapı Otakçılar’daki Emîr Buhârî Nakşibendî Tekkesi 1086’da (1675) Halvetiyye-Sivâsiyye’ye, 1144’te (1731-32) Abdurrahman Edirnevî ile Kādiriyye’ye bağlanmış, 1240 (1824-25) yılına kadar bir asra yakın bir süre Rûmiyye’nin tasarrufunda kalmıştır. Ayrıca Silivrikapı’daki Vânî Tekkesi’nin şeyhliği 1830-1904 yılları arasında Kādiriyye’den Abdullah Bağdâdî ve Mehmed Emin Efendi tarafından üstlenilmiştir. Kādiriyye şeyhlerinden Mehmed Râşid Efendi’nin Rifâiyye’ye ait Kelâmî Tekkesi’nde 1853-1878 yılları arasında şeyhlik yapması buranın da belirtilen tarihte Rûmiyye’nin tasarrufuna geçtiğini göstermektedir. XIX. yüzyıl ve sonrasında Eyüp’te Hâkî Baba, Câfer Paşa, Âşık Efendi, Ümmî Şeyh Süleyman, Molla Çelebi ve Yâvedûd tekkelerinde, Üsküdar’da Bektaşîlik’ten geçen Yarımca Baba Tekkesi ile Halim Gülüm Dede, Bâlî Çavuş, Kartal Dede, Abdülhay Efendi, Avnizâde ve Serbölük Ahmed Efendi tekkelerinde belli aralıklarla faaliyetleri görülen Kādirî şeyhleri de muhtemelen Rûmiyye’ye bağlı idi.
Rûmiyye, İsmâil Rûmî’nin döneminden itibaren İstanbul’un yanı sıra bazı Anadolu ve Rumeli şehirlerine de yayılmıştır. Tarikat Kastamonu ve çevresinde aralarında bizzat İsmâil Rûmî tarafından yaptırılanlarının da bulunduğu en az yedi tekkede faaliyet göstermiş, bunlardan sadece Yılanlı Dergâhı son döneme kadar gelebilmiştir. Bursa’da Rûmiyye adına iki tekke açılmıştır. İsmâil Rûmî’nin halifelerinden Saçlı Ahmed Efendi’nin 1628’de yaptırdığı tekke, Yıldırım Bayezid döneminden kalma bir hamamın yerine inşa edildiği için “hamam tekke” olarak anıldığı gibi İsmâil Rûmî Tekkesi olarak da bilinmektedir. Ahmed Efendi’nin vefatından sonra meşihatı bir müddet oğlu üstlenmiş, ardından tekke Sa‘diyye ve Rifâiyye’ye, onlardan da Kādiriyye-Eşrefiyye’ye intikal etmiştir. Bursa’daki diğer Rûmiyye tekkesi Gîsûdâr Ahmed Kādirî’nin kurduğu Kasap Cömert Tekkesi’dir. Ahmed Kādirî’den sonra buranın Rûmiyye’nin tasarrufunda kalıp kalmadığı bilinmemektedir. Amasya’da İsmâil Rûmî’nin halifelerinden Hamza Amasyevî’nin açtığı tekkenin ne kadar devam ettiği belli değildir. Tekirdağ’da Aynî Hatun Dergâhı olarak bilinen tekke, İsmâil Rûmî’den sonra Kādirîhâne’de makamına geçen Şerif Halil Efendi’nin halifesi Muslihuddin Efendi tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Tekkenin XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında faal durumda olduğu görülmektedir. Edirne’de birçok Kādirî tekkesi bulunmakta olup bunlardan ikisinin Rûmiyye’ye aidiyeti kesindir. Edirne Kādirîhânesi olarak bilinen ilki, Edirne nakîbüleşrafı Mûsâ Efendi’nin oğlu Mehmed Rûhî’nin 1613 yılında konağını Kādirîhâne’ye dönüştürüp vakfetmesi suretiyle meydana gelmiştir. İsmâil Rûmî’nin halifelerinden Mehmed Rûhî burada vefatına kadar uzun müddet faaliyet göstermiş, ardından şeyhlik görevini çocukları sürdürmüştür. 1703’te yanan dergâh III. Ahmed tarafından tekrar yaptırılmış, ardından birkaç defa tamir geçirmiş, son olarak 1888’de bazı ilâvelerle yenilenmiştir. Edirne’de diğer Rûmiyye tekkesinin İsmâil Rûmî adına Kanije fâtihi olarak bilinen Sadrazam Damad İbrâhim Paşa tarafından yaptırıldığı belirtilmektedir. Girit adasında biri Resmo’da, diğeri Kandiye’de olmak üzere iki Rûmiyye tekkesi kurulmuştur. Resmo’daki tekkenin ada fethedilmeden önce İsmâil Rûmî tarafından açıldığı, burada görevlendirdiği halifelerinin gayri müslim halk tarafından şehid edilmesi üzerine Körükçü Tekkesi’ni kuran halifesi Körükçü Mehmed Efendi’yi adaya gönderdiği kaydedilmektedir (Mehmed Rif‘at el-Kādirî, vr. 296a-b ). XIX. yüzyılda Resmo Tekkesi’ne Abdüşşekûr Efendi’nin halifelerinden Mehmed Sâdık Baba gönderilmiş, onun vefatı üzerine yerine oğlu Mustafa Hakkı Efendi, ondan sonra da torunu Şerefeddin Efendi geçmiştir. Kandiye’deki tekke ise Tophane’deki Kādirîhâne şeyhlerinin birinden hilâfet aldığı belirtilen Hanyalı Ali Efendi tarafından XVIII. yüzyılda kurulmuştur. Tekkenin XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde faal olduğu görülmektedir.
İsmâil Rûmî’nin ihdas ettiği Rûmiyye tacı kreme yakın beyaz renkte, üst ortasında kendi çuhasından düğmeli ve sekiz terklidir. Tepe kısmında besmelenin on dokuz harfini sembolize eden on dokuz tığlı ve yedi esmâyı ifade eden yedi renkte ibrişimle dikilmiş, ortasında beş köşeli Süleyman mührünün olduğu Kādirî gülü bulunmaktadır. Seyrüsülûkte yedi esmâ usulünü esas alan Rûmiyye’de ayrıca “fürû esmâsı” denilen vehhâb, fettâh, vedûd, vâhid, ahad, samed isimleriyle de zikir yapılmaktadır. Kādiriyye’de devran ile zikir usulü İsmâil Rûmî tarafından başlatılmıştır. Rûmî’nin ayrıca Kādirî evrâdına bazı ilâveler yaptığı belirtilmektedir.
Rûmiyye’nin merkezi olan Kādirîhâne’nin XVIII. yüzyıldaki zâkirbaşıları Molla Mustafa Efendi ile Mahmud Efendi İstanbul’un tanınmış ilk Kādirî mûsikişinaslarıdır. Yine bu dönemde yaşamış Bağdatlı Mehdî, Kādirîhâne’ye mensup bir şair ve mûsikişinastı. Tophane yakınlarındaki Karabaş Tekkesi’nin şeyhi Hopçuzâde Mehmed Şâkir Efendi de Kādirîhâne’nin zâkirbaşısıydı. Şâkir Efendi aynı zamanda usta bir tamburî ve çok başarılı bir bestekârdır. Kādirîhâne şeyhlerinden Mehmed Şerefeddin Efendi güzel kıraati ve mûsikişinaslığıyla Sultan Abdülaziz’in takdirlerine mazhar olmuştur. Yerine geçen oğlu Ahmed Muhyiddin Efendi’nin devran âyininde okunmak üzere otuz altı beste yaptığı belirtilmektedir. Kādirîhâne’nin 1925 öncesi son şeyhi İsmâil Gavsî Efendi de mûsikiye vâkıftı.
Rûmiyye’nin İstanbul’un tarikat folkloruna da katkıları olmuştur. İstanbul halkı arasında yaygın bir şöhrete sahip olan “erbaîn helvası” (irmik helvası) Kādirîhâne’de etvâr-ı seb‘ayı temsilen yedi derviş tarafından belirli kurallar çerçevesinde ve Kur’an hatmi eşliğinde yılda bir defa yapılırdı. Bu helvanın yanı sıra diğer pek çok tarikat âsitânesinde yapılan aşure de muharrem aşuresi ve safer aşuresi olmak üzere yılda iki defa pişirilirdi. Tekkedeki dervişler ve misafirlerin yanı sıra civardaki komşulara dağıtılan bu helva ve aşureler ayrıca özel bir törenle saraya da gönderilirdi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Belîğ, Güldeste, s. 148-151; Şeyhî, Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ, III, 570-571; IV, 412-413, 422-423; Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘, I, 19; II, 67-69; Mehmed Rif‘at el-Kādirî, Nefhatü’r-riyâzi’l-âliye fî beyâni tarîkati’l-Kādiriyye, Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Şer‘iyye, nr. 1127, tür.yer.; Harîrîzâde, Tibyân, II, 69b-70b; Seyyid Sırrı Ali, Tuhfe-i Rûmî: Kâdirîler Âsitânesi’nin Manzum Tarihçesi (nşr. Mustafa S. Kaçalin), İstanbul 1992, tür.yer.; Mehmed Râif, Mir’ât-ı İstanbul, İstanbul 1314, I, 376-385; İsmet, Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik, s. 367-369; Hocazâde Ahmed Hilmi, Ziyâret-i Evliyâ, İstanbul 1325, s. 79-83; Mehmed Şükrü, Silsilenâme, Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî, nr. 1098, s. 5-8; Osmanlı Müellifleri, I, 25-26; Tomar-Kādiriyye, s. 50-54; Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne-i Evliyâ (haz. Mehmet Akkuş – Ali Yılmaz), İstanbul 2006, s. 117-130; Zâkir Şükrü, Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ (Tayşi), s. 8, 13, 30-31, 42, 45-47, 51-52, 54; Mehmed Şemseddin [Ulusoy], Bursa Dergâhları: Yâdigâr-ı Şemsî (haz. Mustafa Kara – Kadir Atlansoy), Bursa 1997, s. 331-337, 467-468; Necdet Yılmaz, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (17. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2001, s. 402-409; Cemaleddin Server Revnakoğlu, Eski Sosyal Hayatımızda Tasavvuf ve Tarikat Kültürü (nşr. M. Doğan Bayın – İsmail Dervişoğlu), İstanbul 2003, s. 107-120; a.mlf., “Tarikatlar Tarihine Toplu Bir Bakış”, Yeni Tarih Dünyası , I/1, İstanbul 1953, s. 17-19; I/6 (1953), s. 254-256; I/7 (1953), s. 300-301; I/8 (1953), s. 348-350; II/10 (1954), s. 431-434; Ramazan Muslu, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (18. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2003, s. 375-376, 391-403; Hür Mahmut Yücer, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (19. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2003, s. 343-353; Adalet Çakır, Mehmed Rif’at Efendi’nin Nefhatü’r-riyâzi’l-âliye Adlı Eseri Işığında Anadolu’da Kadirîlik (doktora tezi, 2007), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.; Mehmet Akkuş, “İsmâil Rûmî”, DİA, XXIII, 120; M. Baha Tanman, “Kādirîhâne Tekkesi”, a.e., XXIV, 129-130; Nihat Azamat, “Kādiriyye”, a.e., XXIV, 132-133; Ekrem Işın, “Kadirîlik”, DBİst.A, IV, 372-377; Ömer Tuğrul İnançer, “Kadirîlik”, a.e., IV, 377-378.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 240-242 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.