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ŞAH İSMÂİL Skip to content ŞAH İSMÂİL (ö. 930/1524) Safevî Devleti ’nin kurucusu ve ilk şahı (1501-1524).
Müellif: Tufan Gündüz
25 Receb 892’de (17 Temmuz 1487) Erdebil’de doğdu. Babası Safevî tarikatının şeyhi Haydar, annesi Uzun Hasan’ın kızı Âlemşah Halime Begüm’dür. Ebü’l-Muzaffer Bahâdır el-Hüseynî unvanıyla anılır. İran’da Şiîliği resmî ideoloji haline getirerek yeni bir devlet kuran Şah İsmâil’in çocukluk yılları zorluklar içinde geçti. Henüz bir yaşında iken babası Şeyh Haydar, Şirvanşahlar’la giriştiği mücadelede Akkoyunlular tarafından öldürülünce kardeşleri İbrâhim, Ali ve annesiyle birlikte İstahr Kalesi’ne hapsedildi. Burada yaklaşık dört yıl gözetim altında tutuldu. Akkoyunlu Sultan Yâkub’un ölümünden sonra tahta geçen Rüstem Bey kardeşi Baysungur’a karşı Safevîler’in desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğundan İsmâil’i ve kardeşlerini Tebriz’e getirtti. Ancak Baysungur’un bertaraf edilmesinin ardından Safevî tarikatının başına geçen Sultan Ali’yi öldürttü (899/1494). Bunun üzerine Safevîler küçük yaştaki İsmâil’i kendilerine şeyh olarak kabul edip onu Erdebil’e kaçırdılar. Ancak Akkoyunlu takibi burada da devam edince önce Reşt’e, daha sonra Gîlân Valisi Kârkiyâ Mirza Ali’nin davetiyle Lâhîcân’a götürdüler. İsmâil, Lâhîcân’da bölgenin ileri gelenlerinden Kadı (Muallim Sadr) Şemseddin Lâhîcî’nin yanında Farsça, Arapça, Kur’an, tefsir ve İsnâaşeriyye Şîası usulünü, kızılbaş reislerden savaş tekniklerini öğrendi. Bu esnada Karacadağ, Tuman Mişkin ve Anadolu’da yaşayan kızılbaş Türkmenler grup grup gelerek İsmâil’i ziyaret ettiler.
1498’de Akkoyunlu Rüstem Bey’in ölümü İran’ı yeni bir kargaşaya sürükledi. Akkoyunlu ülkesi Murad Bey ile Elvend Bey arasında paylaşıldı. Azerbaycan ve Diyarbekir Elvend Bey’in, Irâk-ı Arab, Fars ve diğer yerler Murad Bey’in hâkimiyetine geçti. Ayrıca Bayındırlı Murad Bey Yezd’de, Muhammed Kere Eberkûh’ta, Hüseyin Kiyâ Çelâvî Simnân, Har ve Fîrûzkûh’ta, Pürnek Bârik Bey Bağdat’ta, Sultan Hüseyin Mirza Horasan’da ve Ebü’l-Feth Bey Kirman’da bağımsız hareket etmeye başladı. Bu durumdan istifade eden kızılbaş reisleri İsmâil’in ortaya çıkmasına karar verdiler. İsmâil on iki-on üç yaşlarında iken Gîlân’dan ayrılıp Erdebil’e gitti. Ailelerinin kalabalıklığı ya da mallarının çokluğu yüzünden bir yere gidememiş olan müridleriyle ilgilendi. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra Erdebil hâkimi Cekirli Ali Bey’in baskısıyla Erdebil’den ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Buradan Karabağ’a gelen İsmâil, bu sırada Karakoyunlu Devleti’ni yeniden canlandırmayı düşünen Baranî Hüseyin Bey ile çatışmaya girmeden Erzincan’a yöneldi (905/1500). Amacı, Anadolu’daki müridlerini yanına toplayarak Orta Anadolu’da büyük bir ihtilâl çıkarmak olmalıdır. Bir müddet burada kaldı; şeyhlerinin şah olmak maksadıyla Anadolu’ya geldiğini haber alan kızılbaş Türkmenler onun etrafında toplandılar. Ustaclu Türkmenleri, İsmail’i Bingöl yaylalarına davet edip görkemli bir şekilde karşıladılar. Bu durum etraftaki Türkmenler tarafından duyulunca kalabalık kitleler halinde şahın hizmetine katılmalar başladı. Avşar, Çepni, Şamlu, Dulkadırlı, Tekeli, Rumlu, Kaçar, Varsak ve diğer aşiretlere mensup kızılbaş Türkmenler İsmâil’in askerî gücünü kısa sürede arttırdılar. Fakat II. Bayezid’in aldığı etkili tedbirler yüzünden Şah İsmâil ve taraftarları yönlerini o sıralarda siyasî durumu bozuk olan Akkoyunlu ülkesine yönelttiler. İsmâil 906 yılı başlarında (1500 yazı) Erzincan’dan ayrılıp Şirvanşahlar’ın üzerine yürüdü, Şirvanşah Ferruh Yesâr’ı öldürdü, Bakü ve Şamahı Safevîler’in eline geçti. 907 (1502) yılı baharında Akkoyunlu Elvend Bey’in ordusunu Nahcıvan yakınlarındaki Şerûr’da ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattıktan sonra Tebriz’e girerek tahta çıktı. Şehirde Akkoyunlu ailesine ve Sünnî kalmaya direnenlere yönelik büyük bir katliam yaptı. Şiîliği resmî mezhep ilân ederek on iki imam adına hutbe okutup para kestirdi. Ezanı değiştirdi. Hocası Şemseddin Lâhîcî’yi sadâret makamına getirdi. Bu esnada İran henüz bütünüyle Şiî değildi ve İsmâil’in ortaya çıkışı, İran’ın değişik bölgelerindeki Şiî hükümetleri tarafından desteklenmemişti. Şah İsmâil bir yandan onları iktidarı altına alırken diğer yandan hızlı bir Şiîleştirme politikasına girişti. Bu sırada yeniden toparlanmaya çalışan Elvend Bey’i Tebriz yakınlarında, Akkoyunlu Murad Bey’i de Hemedan yakınlarında Almakulağı savaşında mağlûp etti (908/1503). Böylece Irâk-ı Arab, Horasan ve Hûzistan hariç Akkoyunlu topraklarının büyük bölümünü ele geçirdi. 1504’te Fîrûzkûh bölgesinin hâkimi Hüseyin Kiyâ Çelâvî’yi bertaraf ettikten sonra Fîrûzkûh, Gülhandan ve Asta kalelerini zaptetti. Ardından Mâzenderan, Lâhîcân ve Cürcân hâkimleri şaha gelip itaatlerini bildirdiler. Öte yandan Yezd’de ortaya çıkan ayaklanma da kısa sürede bastırılıp Lala Hüseyin Bey, Yezd hâkimliğine tayin edildi. Şah İsmâil, 1504-1505 kışını İsfahan’da geçirdiği esnada II. Bayezid’in elçileri gelerek onu zaferlerinden dolayı tebrik ettiler.
913 (1507) yılında Şah İsmâil, hâkimiyetini Diyarbekir’e doğru genişletmeye çalışan Dulkadıroğlu Alâüddevle Bey’e karşı yürüdü. Erzincan tarafından hareket edip Osmanlı topraklarına girdi ve Kayseri üzerinden Maraş ve Elbistan’a ulaştı. Alâüddevle Bey savaşa yanaşmayınca Maraş ve Elbistan’ı tahrip ederek Tebriz’e döndü. 914’te (1508) Irâk-ı Arab’a yürüdü. Bağdat hâkimi Pürnek Bârik Bey kızıl başlık giyerek şaha itaatini bildirdiyse de iltifat görmeyeceğini anlayınca şehri terketti. Bağdat savaşsız zaptedildikten sonra şehirdeki Türkmenler’in büyük bölümü kılıçtan geçirildi. Ardından Kerbelâ, Necef ve Sâmerrâ’ya giden Şah İsmâil on iki imama ait türbeleri tamir ettirdi. Luristan ve Hürremâbâd üzerine sefere çıkıp gulât-ı Şîa’dan sayılan Müşa‘şa‘lar’ı bertaraf etti ve Havîza, Dizfûl, Luristan’ı aldı. Tebriz’e döndükten hemen sonra Şeyh Şah’ın ayaklanmasını bastırıp Şirvan ve çevresine yeniden hâkim oldu.
İran’ın içine düştüğü karışıklıktan istifade eden Özbek Hanı Şeybânî (Şeybak) Han hâkimiyetini Meşhed ve Horasan’a kadar genişletmiş, Kirman’a akınlar düzenlemeye başlamıştı. Şah İsmâil, Şeybânî Han’a elçiler göndererek saldırılardan vazgeçmesini ve İran’a ait toprakları boşaltmasını istedi. Buna karşılık Şeybânî Han, kızılbaşları tahkir edip hacca gitmek niyetinde olduğunu ve bütün İran topraklarını geçmek istediğini bildiren mektuplar gönderdi. Böylece İran’ı ele geçirmek amacında olduğunu açıkça ortaya koydu. Bunun üzerine Şah İsmâil, Şeybânî Han’ın üzerine yürüdü. Damgan, Gürgân (Esterâbâd) ve Meşhed’i kolaylıkla zaptetti. 916 (1510) yılında yapılan savaşta Şeybânî Han ağır bir yenilgiye uğratılıp savaş meydanında öldürüldü. Merv de Safevîler’in kontrolü altına girdi. Şeybânî Han’dan sonra Özbekler’in başına geçen Ubeydullah Han 1512’de Horasan’a girerek Herat’a kadar olan yerleri ele geçirdiyse de çok geçmeden Şah İsmâil, Horasan’a ordu sevkedip Herat, Belh ve Meşhed’i geri aldı. Dönüşte Safevîler’e karşı isyan halinde olan Nesâ ve Ebîverd itaat altına alındı (919/1513).
İran’da meydana gelen ihtilâller esnasında Osmanlı Devleti’nin sessiz kalması Şah İsmâil’in daha rahat hareket etmesine imkân sağlamıştı. Bununla birlikte Osmanlılar’ın, Anadolu’da bulunan kızılbaş Türkmenler’in Şah İsmâil’in hizmetine girmek için İran’a göç etmelerini engellemeye çalışması ve elebaşılarını yakalayarak cezalandırması Şah İsmâil’i rahatsız etmekteydi. Bu sebeple kendisine düşmanlık besleyen hükümdarların âkıbeti hususunda bir uyarı ve meydan okuma işareti olarak Şeybânî Han’ın kesik başını II. Bayezid’e gönderdi. Osmanlı sultanı, devlet adamlarının bu harekete sert cevap verilmesi yolundaki ısrarlı taleplerine rağmen herhangi bir karşılık vermedi. Öte yandan 1511’de Güney Anadolu’daki Tekeli Türkmenleri ayaklanarak İran’a yöneldiler. Osmanlı ordusu ayaklanmayı bastıramadı. Sivas yakınlarında yapılan savaşta Şahkulu Baba Tekeli’nin öldürülmesine rağmen Tekeliler, Erzincan yakınlarında ticaret kervanını yağmaladıktan sonra İran’a ulaşmayı başardılar. Şah İsmâil, Tekeliler’in ileri gelenlerini ticaret kervanlarına saldırdıkları gerekçesiyle idam ettirip aşiret mensuplarını diğer kızılbaş reisleri arasında paylaştırdı. Şah İsmâil’in, askerî gücünü oluşturan Türkmenler’in ağırlık merkezinin Anadolu olması dolayısıyla Osmanlı topraklarına ilgisi devam ediyordu. 1512’de Rumlu Nûr-Ali Halife, kızılbaş Türkmenler’i toparlayıp Safevî ordusuna katılmalarını sağlamak amacıyla Anadolu’ya gönderildi. Nûr-Ali, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’dan topladığı kızılbaş Türkmenler ile Tokat yakınlarında Osmanlı ordusunu hezimete uğrattı. Tokat’ı kısa bir süre elinde tutarak Şah İsmâil adına sikke kestirdi. Bu olaylar sırasında II. Bayezid’in torunu ve Şehzade Ahmed’in oğlu Murad kızılbaş tacı giyerek Şah İsmâil taraftarları arasında yer aldı.
II. Bayezid’in yerine geçen oğlu Yavuz Sultan Selim, hem devlete sarsılmış olan itibarını yeniden kazandırmak hem de Safevîler’in Anadolu ile olan ilişkilerini kesmek amacıyla savaş hazırlıklarına girişti. Diyarbekir hâkimi olan Ustaclu (Ustacalu) Muhammed Han, Dulkadır ve Memlük askerlerine karşı kazandığı küçük çaplı başarıların etkisiyle Yavuz Sultan Selim’e hakaret dolu bir mektup gönderdi. Ancak iki tarafı savaşa zorlayan asıl sebep, Akkoyunlular’ın Osmanlı Devleti ile sınır durumundaki batı topraklarının kısa bir süre de olsa sahipsiz kalması idi. Şah İsmâil, Akkoyunlu hânedanına son vermesine rağmen İran topraklarında henüz tam hâkimiyet kuramamış, Osmanlı Devleti’nin doğu sınırları güvensizliğe sürüklenmişti. Bu gelişmeler iki taraf arasındaki dinî rekabete bir de siyasal ve stratejik boyut kazandırdı.
Osmanlı ordusunun İran topraklarında ilerlediği haberi ulaştığında Şah İsmâil Hemedan’da bulunuyordu, Kızılbaş Türkmenler’den oluşan ordusu ile Osmanlılar’ı karşılamaya çıktı. Ancak bu hareketinde tam bir kararlılık içinde bulunmadığı, ordu toplanırken avla meşgul olduğu, Osmanlı ordusunun tedbirsiz bir şekilde Çaldıran ovasına girdiği esnada kızılbaş reislerini toplayıp müşaverede bulunduğu, Ustaclu Muhammed Han’ın düşman ordusunun toparlanmasına fırsat vermeden savaşa girişilmesi hususundaki telkinini dinlemeyerek beklediği, böylece Osmanlılar’ın toparlanmasına imkân vermiş olduğu belirtilmektedir. 2 Receb 920’de (23 Ağustos 1514) Hoy yakınlarındaki Çaldıran ovasında yapılan savaşta Safevîler ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Şah İsmâil savaş meydanından ayrılarak Dergezîn’e çekildi. Kızılbaş reislerinden Avşarlı Sultan Ali, Şah İsmâil zannedilerek yakalandıysa da gerçek ortaya çıkınca öldürüldü. Savaşın ardından Kemah ve Diyarbekir Safevîler’in elinden çıktı. Böylece Akkoyunlular’ın batı toprakları geniş ölçüde Osmanlı egemenliğine girmiş oldu (bk. ÇALDIRAN SAVAŞI ).
Çaldıran mağlûbiyeti Şah İsmâil’in yenilmezliği inancına büyük darbe vurdu. Bâbür Şah, Kandehar ve Belh’i ele geçirdi. Ubeydullah Han Horasan’a saldırdı. Ülkenin değişik yerlerinde küçük çaplı isyanlar çıktı. Kızılbaş reisleri arasında Şah Tahmasb döneminde baş gösteren rekabetin ilk tohumları bu yenilginin ardından atılmaya başladı. Şah İsmâil, Çaldıran yenilgisinden sonra hem bürokraside hem askeriyede yeni tayinler yaptı. Savaşta hatalı davrandığına inandığı kumandanlarını öldürttü. Osmanlılar’la barış yapmak için Yavuz Sultan Selim’e elçiler gönderdiyse de bundan bir netice çıkmadı. Osmanlılar’a karşı Avrupa devletleriyle ittifak kurma çabaları ise kendi sağlığında sonuca ulaşmadı. Macar Kralı II. Lajos’un elçisi 1516’da Tebriz’e geldi, İspanya Kralı Carlos da (V. Karl) bir heyet yolladı. Şah İsmâil ancak 1523’te V. Karl’a bir mektup gönderdi; burada Osmanlılar’a karşı birlikte savaşma teklifinde bulundu. 1524’te bir Portekiz elçilik heyeti Şah İsmâil’in ölümünden hemen önce Tebriz’e geldi. Şah İsmâil bu teşebbüslerine rağmen vefatına kadar sakin bir hayat sürdü. Devlet işlerini daha çok emîrlerine havale edip kendisi av ve eğlence ile meşgul oldu. 19 Receb 930’da (23 Mayıs 1524) Tebriz’de vefat etti, cenazesi Erdebil’de ecdadının bulunduğu yere defnedildi. Onun zamanında Azerbaycan, Horasan, Fars, Irâk-ı Acem, Irâk-ı Arab, Kirman ve Hûzistan Safevîler’e bağlanmış; Belh, Kandehar ve Diyarbekir de zaman zaman Safevî hâkimiyetinde kalmıştır.
Şah İsmâil’in sağlam vücutlu ve kuvvetli bir kişi olduğu belirtilir. Diğer kızılbaşlar gibi o da sakalını tıraş edip sadece bıyık bırakırdı. Avcılığa meraklı ve iyi okçuydu. Kendilerini yolunda ölmeye adamış kızılbaşlar ona tam bir itaatle bağlı bulunduğundan her vesile ile adını anarlardı. Mührü “Z” şeklinde ve yarım ceviz büyüklüğünde olup ortasında kendi adı, etrafına da on iki imamın adları kazınmıştı. İran’da on iki imam Şîa’sının tesisi konusunda kararlı bir yol izlemiş, yerli Şiî ulemâsının yanı sıra Cebeliâmül, Kûfe ve Bahreyn’deki Şiî ulemâsını İran’a davet ederek fıkhî meselelerde ortaya çıkacak problemleri gidermeye ve İsnâaşeriyye Şîası’nın esaslarının belirlenmesine çalışmıştır. Böylece kızılbaşların ve sûfîlerin dinî anlayışında köklü değişiklikler yapmıştır. Bu yeni mezhebe girmeye gönüllü olmayanlara karşı çok acımasız davranmış, böylece İran’ın neredeyse tamamen Şiîleşmesini sağlamıştır. Irak ve Meşhed’deki Şiî imamlarının türbelerini tamir ettirmiş, imamzâdeler için türbeler yaptırmış, on iki imam adına sikkeler kestirmiştir. Fırat ırmağından Necef’e su getirtmiştir. Ordu ve eyalet idaresi kızılbaş Türkmen reislerine, bürokrasi daha çok Farslar’a bırakılmıştır. Bu dönemde fıkıhta Muhakkık Kerekî, bürokraside Emîr Zekeriyyâ-yı Tebrîzî, Mahmûd Hân-ı Deylemî, Kadı Şemseddîn-i Lâhîcî, Emîr Necm-i Reştî, Emîr Necm-i Sânî, Mîr Seyyid Şerîf-i Şîrâzî ve Şemseddin İsfahânî önemli şahsiyetlerdir. Öte yandan kadim İran geleneğinde var olan, şahın hem dinî hem siyasî otoriteyi elinde bulundurma anlayışını yeniden canlandırmıştır. Şah İsmâil “Hatâî” mahlası ile Türkçe ve az sayıda Farsça şiirler yazmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şah İsmail Hatâî Külliyatı (haz. Babek Cavanşir – Ekber N. Necef), İstanbul 2006, s. 23-143. Hândmîr, Ḥabîbü’s-siyer (nşr. M. Debîrsiyâkī), Tahran 1362 hş./1983, IV, 439-548. Emîr Mahmûd Hândmîr, Târîḫ-i Şâh İsmâʿîl ve Şâh Ṭahmasb-ı Ṣafevî: Ẕeyl-i Târîḫ-i Ḥabîbü’s-siyer (nşr. M. Ali Cerrâhî), Tahran 1375 hş., bk. İndeks. Cihângüşâ-yı Ḫâḳān: Târîḫ-i Şâh İsmâʿîl (nşr. A. D. Muztar), İslâmâbâd 1984, bk. İndeks. Âlemʾârâ-yı Şâh İsmâʿîl (nşr. Asgar Muntazar Sâhib), Tahran 1349. Âlemʾârâ-yı Ṣafevî (nşr. Yedullah Şükrî), Tahran 1363 hş., bk. İndeks. Mîr Yahyâ Kazvînî, Lübbü’t-tevârîḫ, Tahran 1363 hş., s. 387-418. Venedikli Bir Tüccarın Seyahatnâmesi (Seyyahların Gözüyle Sultanlar ve Savaşlar) (trc. Tufan Gündüz), İstanbul 2007, s. 123-216. Gaffârî, Cihânʾârâ (nşr. Müctebâ Mînovî), Tahran 1343 hş., s. 257-310. Bûdâk Münşî Kazvînî, Cevâhirü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Muhsin Behrâm Nejâd), Tahran 1378/2000, s. 150-230. Âlemʾârâ-yı Şâh Ṭahmasb (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1370, bk. İndeks. Hasan-ı Rûmlû, Aḥsenü’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Abdülhüseyin Nevâî), Tahran 1357 hş./1978, II, bk. İndeks. Abdî Beg Şîrâzî, Tekmiletü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Abdülhüseyin Nevâî), Tahran 1369 hş., s. 36-60. Feridun Bey, Münşeât , I, 541-543, 619-626. İskender Bey Münşî, Târîḫ-i Âlemʾârâ-yı ʿAbbâsî (nşr. M. İsmâil Rıdvânî), Tahran 1377 hş., I, 32 vd. Faruk Sümer, Safevî Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü, Ankara 1976, s. 15-42. Abdülhüseyin Nevâî, Şâh İsmâʿîl-i Ṣafevî, Tahran 1368. Gulâm Server, Târîḫ-i Şâh İsmâʿîl-i Ṣafevî (trc. M. Bâkır Ârâm – Abbas Kulı Gaffârîferd), Tahran 1374, s. 52-107. A. H. Morton, “The Early Years of Shah Ismāʿīl in the Afżal al-tawārīkh and Elsewhere”, Safavid Persia: The History and Politicis of an Islamic Society (ed. C. Melville), London 1996, s. 27-51. Mehdî Ferhânî Minferd, Muhâceret-i ʿUlemâ-yi Şîʿa ez Cebel-i ʿÂmil be-Îrân der ʿAṣr-ı Ṣafevî, Tahran 1377, s. 59-76. Feridun Emecen, “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Şark Meselesinin Ortaya Çıkışı: İlk Münasebetler ve İç Yansımaları”, Tarihten Günümüze Türk-İran İlişkileri Sempozyumu, Ankara 2003, s. 33-48. I. Uluslararası Şah İsmail Hataî Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Ankara 2004. Tahsin Yazıcı, “Şah İsmail”, İA , XI, 275-278. Roger M. Savory, “Ismāʿīl I”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 186-187. a.mlf., “Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī”, EIr. , VIII, 628-635.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 253-255 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Müellif: Adile Yılmaz Anıl
Edebiyat. Çağdaşları ve hayranlarının “sâhib-i seyf ü kalem” diye nitelediği Şah İsmâil, Âzerî edebiyatının en önemli şairlerindendir. Şiir yazacak derecede Arapça ve Farsça bilmesine rağmen Türkçe yazarak Âzerî edebiyatının gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamış, Âzerî edebiyatı âdeta, “Hatâî” mahlasını kullanan Şah İsmâil ile olgunluk safhasına erişmiştir. Daha on beş yaşında iken bir devlet kuran Şah İsmâil’in şiir yazmaya bu yaşlarda başladığı; Nizâmî, Evhadî, Kişverî-i Tebrîzî, Habîbî gibi Âzerî sahasında yetişmiş Farsça yazan şairlerle Nesîmî ve Ali Şîr Nevâî gibi Türk şairlerinin eserlerini okuduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Onun Hatâî mahlasını Ali Şîr’in “Nevâî” mahlasına benzeterek aldığı kaydedilir. Kısa süren hayatı sürekli savaşlarla geçmesine rağmen şiirden hiçbir zaman kopmamıştır. Şiirini ideolojisini yayan bir vasıta şeklinde kullanmakla birlikte şair bir yaratılışa sahip olduğundan beşerî, lirik, sanat değeri yüksek şiirler de yazmıştır. Bağdat’ı fethettiğinde Fuzûlî ile tanışmış, Fuzûlî Beng ü Bâde’yi ona ithaf etmiştir. Şah İsmâil birçok şiirinde bir tarikat şeyhi, bir mürşid olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu tür şiirlerinde tasavvufî konuları işler, on iki imam ve Ehl-i beyt muhabbetini vurgular. Yavuz Sultan Selim karşısında uğradığı yenilginin ardından kaleme aldığı şiirlerin daha içe dönük, şahsî ve lirik nitelikler kazandığı görülmektedir. Erken yaşlarda başladığı şiirlerinin her döneminde belli bir düzeyin üstünde kalmayı başardığından bu şiirlerin hangi devirde yazıldığının tesbit edilip şiirinin gelişim sürecinin belirlenmesi mümkün değildir.
Şah İsmâil’in, “Ey Hatâî fikr-i bikrin eylerim eş‘âra sarf / Tuttu irfan meclisin defterle dîvan şimdiden” beytinden şiirlerinin ölümünden önce divan haline getirildiği anlamı çıkarsa da böyle bir nüshanın varlığına dair bir işaret bulunmamaktadır. Onun divanı, ölümünden on bir yıl sonra 1535’te oğlu Şah Tahmasb’ın emriyle kendisinin saray hattatı Şah Mahmûd Nîsâbûrî tarafından derlenerek oluşturulmuştur. Bugün Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti Taşkent İlimler Akademisi’nde Şarkiyat Enstitüsü Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı olan bu nüsha (nr. 1412) on dört kaside, 248 gazel, on rubâî ve Dehnâme adlı eserini içermektedir. Divanın XVII. yüzyıla kadar istinsah edilen nüshalarında (meselâ bk. Bibliothèque Nationale, Suppl., Turc, nr. 307, 995; British Museum, Or., nr. 3380, Tebriz’de Sultan Gurrâyî özel kütüphanesi) bütün şiirleri aruz vezniyledir. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Anadolu’da Şah İsmâil’i örnek alan ve onunla aynı mahlası kullanan Alevî-Bektaşî şairlerin yetişmesi, bunların hece vezniyle yazdıkları şiirlerin divan nüshalarına eklenmeye başlaması Hatâî mahlaslı şiirlerin artmasına, dolayısıyla karışıklığa yol açmıştır. Hatâî’nin şiirleri üzerine ilk çalışmayı V. Minorsky yapmış (BSOAS , X [1942], s. 1007a -1053a ), bu çalışmada bazı şiirlerini Paris nüshasından yayımlayıp İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir. Divanı Azerbaycan’da 1937’de Selman Mümtaz neşretmiş, daha sonra çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır. Bunlar arasında Aziz Aga Mehmedov’un neşri (Şah İsmail Hatâî: Eserleri, I-II, Bakü 1966-1973 [Arap harfleriyle]; 1975-1976 [Kiril harfleriyle]) iddialı bir çalışma olmakla beraber birçok yanlış içermektedir. Eserin en ciddi neşri Turhan Genceî’nin Paris nüshalarıyla British Museum ve Vatikan nüshalarını esas alarak yaptığı neşirdir (Il Conzoniere di Šah Ismāʿil Ḫaṭāʾī, Napoli 1959). Bu yayımda 259 manzume bulunmaktadır. Şah İsmâil divanının İran, Azerbaycan ve Türkiye’de popüler nitelikli çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır: Geçme Nâmerd Köprüsünden (Bakü 1988, Kiril harfleriyle); Hatâî Şah İsmâil Safevî: Külliyat: Divan, Nasihatnâme, Dihnâme, Koşmalar, Farsça Şiirler (nşr. Resul İsmâilzâde, Tahran 2004); Alevilerin Büyük Hükümdarı Şah İsmail Hatâî (nşr. Nejat Birdoğan, İstanbul 1991); Şah İsmail Hatâî ve Anadolu Hatayîleri (nşr. İbrahim Aslanoğlu, İstanbul 1992, bu çalışma Şah İsmâil’in şiirlerini diğer Hatâîler’den ayırma gayretiyle dikkat çekmektedir); Şah İsmail Hatâî Külliyatı (nşr. Babek Cavanşir – Ekber N. Necef, İstanbul 2006).
Şah İsmâil’in Dehnâme’si 1505 beyitten oluşan tasavvufî-sembolik bir mesnevidir. Şairin yirmi yaşlarında iken yazdığı eser onun bu çağda tasavvufun konularına vâkıf olduğunu göstermektedir. Âzerî Türkçesi’yle kaleme alınan ilk mesnevilerden olan eser tevhid ve na‘tın ardından bahar tasvirinin yer aldığı altmış beyitlik bölümle başlar, daha sonra mesnevinin asıl konusuna geçilir ve olay âşık ile mâşukun arasında geçen hadiseler etrafında döner. Âşık, Mâşuk, Bağban, Sabâ, Ah, Hud ve Gözyaşı eserin kahramanlarıdır. Divanın bazı nüshalarının sonunda yer alan Dehnâme müstakil olarak (nşr. Hamit Araslı, Bakü 1948) ve çeşitli divan neşirleri içinde (meselâ bk. Şah İsmail Hatâî Külliyatı, İstanbul 2006, s. 507-646) basılmıştır. Tasavvuf âdâbına dair mesnevi tarzındaki 184 beyitlik Nasihatnâme de divan neşirleri içinde yer almaktadır (Şah İsmail Hatâî Külliyatı, s. 647-663).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şah İsmail Hatâî: Eserleri (nşr. Aziz Aga Mehmedov), Bakü 1966, neşredenin girişi, I, 64-100. Hatâî Şah İsmâil Safevî: Külliyyât-ı Dîvân (nşr. Resûl İsmâilzâde), Tahran 1380, neşredenin girişi, s. 3-50. Şah İsmail Hatâî Külliyatı (haz. Babek Cavanşir – Ekber N. Necef), İstanbul 2006, neşredenlerin girişi, s. 122-163. Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun, Hatâyî Divanı: Şah İsmail-i Safevî, Hayatı ve Nefesleri, İstanbul 1946, s. 16-34. I. Mélikoff, “Hatâyî”, Uluslararası Folklor ve Halk Edebiyatı Semineri Bildirileri, Ankara 1976, s. 315-318. a.mlf., Kırklar’ın Cemi’nde (trc. Turan Alptekin), İstanbul 2007, s. 67-74. V. Minorsky, “The Poetry of Shāh Ismāʿīl”, BSOAS , X (1942), s. 1006a -1053a . Cahit Öztelli, “Les œuvres de Hatāyī”, Turcica, VI, Paris 1975, s. 7-10. Tahsin Yazıcı, “Şah İsmail”, İA , XI, 278. T. Gandjeï, “Ismāʿīl I”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 187-188. Ahmet T. Karamustafa, “Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī”, EIr. , VIII, 635-636.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 256 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.