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ŞÂZELİYYE Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî’ye (ö. 656/1258) nisbet edilen tarikat.
Mürşidi Abdüsselâm b. Meşîş’in emriyle 1224-1226 yıllarında İfrîkıye’ye gidip Şâzile beldesindeki Zağvân dağında bir mağarada inzivaya çekilen Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî’nin otuz dört-otuz beş yaşlarında iken o dönemde İfrîkıye bölgesinin başşehri olan Tunus’a geçip irşad faaliyetine başlamasıyla tarikatın temelleri atılmıştır. Şâzelî’nin 642’de (1244) Tunus’tan İskenderiye’ye gelmesiyle birlikte tarikat çok daha geniş kesimlere ulaşma imkânı bulmuştur. Onun makamına geçen Ebü’l-Abbas el-Mürsî, Mürsî’nin halifelerinden Yâkūt el-Arşî, Şâzelî’nin gözde müridlerinden Mekînüddin el-Esmer, yine Şâzeliyye silsilesinde yer alan Dâvûd b. Ömer Bâhilî gibi önemli simaların kabirlerini barındıran İskenderiye, Şâzeliyye’nin bütün dünyaya yayıldığı merkez konumuna gelmiştir. Bazı çağdaş araştırmacılar, Şâzeliyye pîrinin esasında İbn Meşîş olduğu, Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî’nin tarikatı ve kutbiyyet görevini İbn Meşîş’ten devraldığı görüşündedir (Mackeen, XCI/4 [1971], s. 481). Ancak Şâzelî tarikatına dair bütün kaynaklarda tarikat Şâzelî’nin söz, menkıbe ve âdâbı üzerine temellendirilmekte ve onun tarikatın kurucusu olduğu hususunda bir tereddüt bulunmamaktadır. Üstadının kim olduğu sorulduğunda, “Geçmişte İbn Meşîş ile birlikteydim, ona tâbiydim; şimdi ise herhangi biriyle bir bağlantım yoktur” diye cevap vermesi de Şâzelî’nin kendisini pîr olarak gördüğünü ortaya koymaktadır (İbn Atâullah, Leṭâʾifü’l-minen , s. 54).
Şâzeliyye öncelikle İskenderiye, Kahire, Tunus gibi şehir ortamlarında teşekkül etmiş, sonraki dönemlerde Mısır’ın yanı sıra Mağrib bölgesinin kırsal alanlarında yayılma imkânı bulmuş, geniş halk tabakasının ve şeyhlerin uygulamalarına bağlı olarak ulemâ üzerinde de etkili olmuştur. Zaman içinde Suriye başta olmak üzere Arap dünyasında, Hint alt kıtasında, Malezya ve Endonezya’da, Afrika’da, Anadolu ve Balkanlar’da, Amerika’da ve birçok Avrupa ülkesinde yayılmıştır. Şâzeliyye, Anadolu’ya XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Meymûniyye kolunun kurucusu Ali b. Meymûn tarafından getirilmiştir. Hayatının son zamanlarında altı yıl Bursa’da kalan Ali b. Meymûn memleketi Suriye’ye dönerken yerine Sûfîzâde diye bilinen Şeyh Abdurrahman’ı halife olarak bırakmıştır. İleriki yıllarda Bekriyye kolunun kurucusu Ebü’l-Mekârim el-Bekrî’nin İstanbul’a geldiği, II. Selim’den destek gördüğü, Şâzelî-Cezûlî şeyhi Ebü’l-Mevâhib Ahmed b. Ali es-Simâvî’nin İstanbul ve Balkanlar’da faaliyet gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Bu ilk temaslardan uzunca bir süre sonra 1200 (1786) yılında Silâhdar Abdullah Ağa tarafından yaptırılan Alibeyköy Şâzelî Dergâhı İstanbul’da açılan ilk Şâzelî zâviyesidir. Bu tarihten itibaren İstanbul’da Unkapanı, Beşiktaş (Ertuğrul), Kabataş (Çizmeciler) ve Çemberlitaş’ta Şâzelî dergâhları açılmıştır. Bunlardan Beşiktaş’taki dergâhla kısmen Unkapanı’ndaki dergâh dışındakilerden herhangi bir iz kalmamıştır. İstanbul’da en çok bilinen ve etki bırakan Şâzelî şeyhi Şeyh Zâfir diye tanınan Muhammed Zâfir el-Medenî’dir (ö. 1903). II. Abdülhamid, Zâfir el-Medenî için Beşiktaş’ta Ertuğrul Tekkesi olarak da bilinen tekkeyi yaptırmış, tekkenin zengin bir vakıf gelirine sahip olmasını temin etmiş, kendisi de sık sık buradaki âyinlere katılmıştır. Şâzeliyye’de Ehl-i sünnet sınırları içinde kalmaya âzami özen gösterilmiştir. Tarikat mensuplarının Kuzey Afrika’nın batısında şeriflerin dinî hayattaki etkin ve belirleyici rollerine her zaman saygı duymaları, Şeyh Şâzelî başta olmak üzere meşâyih içerisinde çok sayıda şerif bulunması, tarikat silsilesinin Hz. Hasan ve Hz. Ali yoluyla Hz. Peygamber’e ulaşması bu durumu hemen hiç etkilememiş, Ni‘metullāhiyye gibi Şiî renkler taşıyan kolunun bir benzeri ortaya çıkmamıştır.
Şâzeliyye mârifet kavramına güçlü vurgu yapan bir tasavvuf yoludur. Mârifetullah konusu gerek Şeyh Şâzelî’nin hizb, dua ve vecizelerinde gerekse sonraki Şâzelî şeyhlerinin eserlerinde önemli bir yer tutar. Şâzelî’nin halifesi Ebü’l-Abbas el-Mürsî ashabın amelleriyle seçkinleştiğini, kendi zamanının ehline bunu mârifetle gerçekleştirme imkânının verildiğini söyler (Udde b. Tûnis, s. 134). Mârifet sahibi olmak Şâzelî yolun dervişlerinin temel amacıdır. Ahmed Zerrûk, “İhsan Allah’ı görüyormuş gibi ibadet etmendir, sen O’nu görmesen de O seni görüyor” anlamındaki meşhur hadisin ilk kısmının mârifet mertebesi olduğunu, Şâzelî ve takipçilerinin bu ilk kısma, Gazzâlî ve takipçilerinin hadisin ikinci kısmına vurgu yaptığını söyler (Ḳavâʿidü’t-taṣavvuf , s. 82). Şâzeliyye’nin önemli esaslarından biri de tevekkül anlayışıdır. Şeyh Şâzelî kendisine rüyada Allah’ın huzurunda hiçbir tercihte bulunmaması, seçim yapacaksa Resûlullah’a uyarak Allah’a kulluğu seçmesinin, eğer mutlaka bir şeyi seçmesi gerekiyorsa seçmemeyi ve her şeyi Allah’ın seçimine, ihtiyar ve iradesine bırakmasının söylendiğini anlatır. Şâzeliyye’nin Mürsî’den sonraki üçüncü mürşidi İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî et-Tenvîr fî isḳāṭı’t-tedbîr adlı eserini yalnız bu konuya ayırmıştır. Şâzeliyye kerametler ve olağan üstü haller konusunda mutedil bir yol izlemiştir. Keşif, vârit gibi hususlarda dinin temel kaynaklarının esas alınması gerektiğini bizzat Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî söylemiş, hakikat cihetinden bir vârit aldığında bunu ancak iki âdil şahide (Kur’an ve Sünnet) sahip olduğunda kabul edeceğini belirtmiştir (Muhammed el-Fâsî, s. 9). Tarikatın Îseviyye gibi bazı kollarında ateş, yılan ve akreplerle yapılan gösteriler başka kollarda benimsenmemiştir.
Dünya nimetlerinden sıkı sıkıya kaçınan bir zühd anlayışı yerine Şâzeliyye’de dünya nimetlerini bağışlayana şükür ifade eden bir tutum sergilenmektedir. İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî, şeyhi Mürsî’nin şükreden bir zengini sabreden bir fakire tercih ettiğini, bunun İbn Atâ ve Hakîm et-Tirmizî’nin yolu olduğunu, Mürsî’nin şükrün cennetliklerin sıfatı olduğunu, sabrın ise böyle olmadığını söylediğini aktarır (Leṭâʾifü’l-minen , s. 147). İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî de şükürle birlikte olması durumunda güzel giymenin ve yiyip içmenin sûfîye bir zararı dokunmayacağı görüşündedir. Şâzelî yolunun ruhbanlık ile arpa ve kepek yeme yolu olmadığını, hidayette yakīne ulaşma ve sabır yolu olduğunu söylemiş, Ebü’l-Abbas el-Mürsî seyrüsülûk usulünün, müridi dünyadan kopararak ve dünyevî herhangi bir şeyle meşguliyetine izin vermeyerek tarikata yönelmesini sağlamak yerine onun dünyevî meşguliyete devam ederek tarikatta yol almasını, ilâhî ihsanların nurlarıyla karşılaşınca kalbinin kendiliğinden dünyadan kopmasını temin etmek olduğuna işaret eder (a.g.e. , s. 145). Şâzeliyye şeyhleri mensuplarına gündelik işlerinden geri kalmamalarını tavsiye etmişler, Şâzelî de ziraat yaparak geçimini sağlamıştır.
Kollar arasında az çok farklılık görülmekle birlikte Şâzeliyye’de intisap uygulaması şöyledir: Tâlip biattan önce tövbe ve tecdîd-i îman eder. Müridle şeyh dizleri birbirine değecek biçimde karşılıklı oturur ve iki elleriyle birbirlerinin ellerini tutar, birbirlerine doğru eğilirler; şeyh, Feth sûresinin 10. âyetini ve Salâtü’t-tefrîciyye’yi okur. Biattan sonra eller açılarak hazır bulunanlarla birlikte dua edilir. Tarikatın bazı kollarında bu törenin ardından mürid kendisine öğretilen bu törene has bazı lafızlarla bir müddet zikreder, daha sonra şeyh virde devam etmesi hususunda ve başka konularda tavsiyelerde bulunur. Vird sabah ve akşam namazlarının ardından okunur. Kollara göre Vâkıa sûresi ya da Mülk sûresinin veya Salâtü’l-Meşîşiyye’nin okunmasıyla başlayan vird 100 defa estağfirullah, 100 salavat, tevhid ve bazı kollarda 100 defa “elhamdü lillâh ve’ş-şükrü lillâh” tesbihiyle sürer.
Şâzeliyye tarikatında zikir cehrî olup kuûdî ve kıyâmî olarak yapılır. Haftada bir, perşembe ya da cuma günü gerçekleştirilen ve çoğunlukla “meclis” adı verilen âyinlerde halka şeklinde veya karşılıklı saf şeklinde oturulur. Şâzelî meşâyihinden birine ait divandan okunan ve “semâ” diye adlandırılan kaside ve şügūllerin genellikle tevhid ve salavat içeren nakarat kısımlarına bütün müridler katılır. Âyinlerde dinî mûsikiye yer verilmesi konusunda Şâzeliyye tarihi içinde farklı görüşler ve uygulamalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Şeyh Şâzelî ya da Ahmed Zerrûk gibi önemli bir Şâzelî şeyhi kendi zamanındaki uygulamaları değerlendirirken dinî mûsiki hakkında olumsuz bir tutum takınmakla birlikte zaman içinde tarikatın birçok kolunda semâ âyinin esasını teşkil eder hale gelmiştir. Bazı kollarda ise meclislere Şâzelî’nin Ḥizbü’l-kebîr ’i ve evrâd-ı şerîfesi okunarak başlanır, kıyâmî zikirle devam edilir. Zikrin sonunda şeyh sohbet yapar. Birçok kolda sohbete “müzakere” adı verilir. Şeyhin hazır bulunmadığı meclislerde onun tâlimatı doğrultusunda bir metin okunur.
Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî, kendi zamanında bilhassa mevlid-i nebî gibi önemli günlerde büyük toplantılar düzenlemiş, bayraklar ve kösler eşliğinde alaylar kurmuş, büyük halk kitleleri bu toplantılarda hazır bulunmuştur. Bugün de Şâzeliyye mensuplarınca “ihtifal” denilen bu tür yıllık toplantılar yapılmaktadır. En az üç gün süren toplantılar dünyanın farklı ülkelerindeki müridlerin şeyhleriyle buluşmalarını, yoğun biçimde zikir ve sohbetle meşgul olmalarını temin eder. Seyahat ve ziyaret Şâzeliyye’de önem verilen bir uygulamadır. Şeyhler müridlerini bulundukları yerde ziyaret eder, farklı ülke ve şehirlerde yaşayan müridlerin birbirlerini ziyaret etmelerini tavsiye ederler. Aleviyye gibi XX. yüzyılın etkili bir Şâzelî kolunun kurucusu olan Ahmed el-Alevî’nin mensupları, onun kaleme aldığı etkileyici bir metin sayılan Münâcât ’ı okumak üzere âyin günü dışında haftada bir gün toplanırlar. Bu metnin haftada en az bir defa okunması müridlere tavsiye edilir. Şâzeliyye’de müstakil bir tarikat hüviyeti bulunmamaktadır. Tarikatın XX. yüzyıldaki en önemli kollarından olan ve yaşayan alt kollarıyla günümüzde de etkisini sürdüren Derkāviyye’ye mensup müridler boyunlarında iri taneli tesbihler ve ellerinde asâ taşırlar. Ancak bu sadece Derkāviyye’ye ait bir uygulamadır.
Şeyh Şâzelî geride herhangi bir kitap bırakmamış, ancak en meşhurları Ḥizbü’l-baḥr olan çok sayıda hizb ve dua metni tertip etmiş, bunlar kaydedilerek zamanımıza ulaşmıştır. Ḥizbü’l-baḥr başka tarikatlarda da kabul görmüş ve okunmuştur. Şâzelî’nin tasavvuf anlayışına paralel olarak mutlak kulluğun gerçekleştirilmesi, tam bir teslimiyet, mânevî sırların talebi, samimi bir boyun eğişin ve tevazuun ifadesi olan bu hizipler tarikat mensupları nezdinde büyük değer taşımaktadır. Abdüsselâm b. Meşîş’in terkip ettiği, “Hicâbü’l-a‘zam” olarak da bilinen Salâtü’l-Meşîşiyye, Şâzeliyye’nin önemli metinlerinden biridir. Şâzeliyye’nin bazı kollarında günlük vird içinde yer alan Salâtü’l-Meşîşiyye, Şâzeliyye dışındaki bazı tarikatlarda da okunmaktadır. Şâzeliyye’nin Cezûliyye kolunun kurucusu Muhammed b. Süleyman el-Cezûlî’nin tertip ettiği Delâʾilü’l-ḫayrât adlı salavat mecmuası sadece Şâzeliyye içinde değil Nakşibendîlik başta olmak üzere birçok tarikatta tanınmakta, günlük ya da haftalık vird şeklinde bölümler halinde okunmaktadır. Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî ve diğer Şâzelî şeyhleri tarafından tertip edilen vird ve hizipleri Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî Mecmûʿatü’l-aḥẕâb ’ında bir araya getirmiştir.
Şâzeliyye 100’ün üzerindeki alt koluyla İslâm dünyasında en yaygın tarikatlardan biridir (tam bir listesi için bk. Güven, s. 307-362). Bu kollardan en meşhurları şunlardır: Vefâiyye (kurucusu: Muhammed Vefâ b. Muhammed el-Mağribî, ö. 765/1364); Yâfiiyye (kurucusu: Abdullah b. Es‘ad el-Yâfiî, ö. 768/1367), Cezûliyye (kurucusu: Muhammed b. Süleyman el-Cezûlî, ö. 870/1465), Arûsiyye (kurucusu: Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Arûs el-Hevvârî, ö. 868/1463), Zerrûkıyye (kurucusu: Ahmed Zerrûk, ö. 899/1493), Meymûniyye (Ali b. Meymûn el-İdrîsî, ö. 917/1511), Râşidiyye (kurucusu: Ahmed b. Yûsuf er-Râşidî, ö. 927/1521), Îseviyye (kurucusu: Muhammed b. Îsâ el-Meknesî el-Mağribî, ö. 930/1524), Bekkiyye (kurucusu: Ömer b. Seyyid Ahmed el-Bekkî et-Tûnisî, ö. 960/1552), Bekriyye (kurucusu: Ebü’l-Mekârim el-Bekrî, ö. 994/1586), Nâsıriyye (kurucusu: Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Nâsır ed-Derî, ö. 1085/1674), Hızıriyye (kurucusu: Abdülazîz ed-Debbâğ, ö. 1132/1720), Beyyûmiyye (kurucusu: Ali Nûreddin b. Hicâzî el-Beyyûmî, ö. 1183/1769), Derkāviyye (kurucusu: Ebû Hâmid Mevlây el-Arabî b. Ahmed ed-Derkāvî, ö. 1239/1823), Medeniyye (kurucusu: Muhammed Hasan b. Hamza Zâfir el-Medenî, ö. 1263/1847), Yeşrutıyye (kurucusu: Seyyid Ali Nûreddin b. Yeşrutî et-Tûnisî, ö. 1316/1899), Aleviyye (kurucusu: Ahmed el-Alevî, ö. 1934). Şâzeliyye’nin birçok kolu bugün yaşamamakta veya kendi arasından çıkan bir kolun içinde devam etmektedir.
Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî ve Şâzeliyye ile Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî ve onun temsil ettiği Ekberiyye yolundan hangisinin üstün olduğu son zamanlarda önemli bir tartışmaya konu olmuştur. İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî’nin İskenderiye’de ikamet ederken Sadreddin Konevî ile buluştuğunu, bu sırada ona zamanın kutbunun kim olduğunu sorduğunu, Konevî’nin bu soruya bir cevap vermediğini söyler (Leṭâʾifü’l-minen , s. 63-64). Paul Nwyia bu rivayette Şâzeliyye’nin Şâzelî’nin yolunu bizzat kutubdan tâlim etmesi sebebiyle Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî tarafından temsil edilen yola üstünlüğüne dair bir ima bulunduğunu ileri sürmüş, bir İbnü’l-Arabî uzmanı olan Michel Chodkiewicz bu görüşü reddetmiştir. Ona göre İbnü’l-Arabî tarafından temsil edilen “hâtem”lik rolü kutbun rolüyle çatışmamaktadır (EI2 [İng.] , IX, 172). Bazı araştırmacılara göre bu görüşme, Sadreddin Konevî’nin Mısır’a ikinci gidişinden sonra muhtemelen 1243’te gerçekleşmiştir. Bu da Şâzelî ile Sadreddin Konevî arasında kutba dair bir konuşmanın cereyan etmediğinin kanıtıdır. Çünkü İbnü’l-Arabî bu tarihten en az iki yıl önce öldüğünden kutubluğun adaylarından biri olamamaktadır (McGregor, s. 107-117). Öte yandan Şâzelî şeyhleri İbnü’l-Arabî’ye ve görüşlerine yakın ilgi göstermiş, meselâ İbn Ataullah el-İskenderî, Leṭâʾifü’l-minen ’de ondan doğrudan alıntılar yapmıştır (s. 57, 110). İbn Atâullah’ın ve İbnü’l-Arabî’nin Ebû Medyen’in “Mâ lezzetü’l-îş …” diye başlayan meşhur kasidesine şerh yazmaları da kayda değer bir husustur. Çağdaş Şâzeliyye için de durum aynıdır. Ahmed el-Alevî’nin eserlerinde İbnü’l-Arabî’ye atıflara rastlanmaktadır. Onun el-Baḥrü’l-mescûr adlı tefsiri İbnü’l-Arabî’yi hatırlatan ifadelerle bezenmiştir.
Dünyanın hemen her yerinde müntesibi bulunan Şâzeliyye XX. yüzyılda Batı’da en çok ilgi gören tarikatlardan biridir. René Guénon (Abdülvâhid Yahyâ), Michel Valsan, Frithjof Schuon (Îsâ Nûreddin), Martin Lings (Ebûbekir Sirâceddin), Titus Burckhardt, Ian Dallas (Abdülkādir es-Sûfî), Gai Eaton gibi ihtida etmiş önemli aydınların Şâzeliyye tarikatına intisap etmesi tarikatı Batılı çevrelerde bir ilgi odağı haline getirmiştir. XX. yüzyılda Şâzeliyye tarikatının en önemli şahsiyeti olan Ahmed el-Alevî’nin kitapları, aralarında Türkçe’nin de olduğu birçok dile çevrilmiştir. Daha hayatta iken yüz binleri bulan müridleri dünyanın belli başlı merkezlerinde Aleviyye zâviyeleri açmıştır. Günümüzde Cezayir’den Malezya’ya, Hindistan’dan Güney Afrika’ya kadar bu kola mensup şeyhlerce açılmış zâviyeler faaliyetlerini sürdürmekte, müridler her yıl dünyanın farklı ülkelerinde ihtifal toplantılarında bir araya gelmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî, et-Tenvîr fî isḳāṭı’t-tedbîr , Beyrut 1998, tür.yer.
a.mlf., ʿUnvânü’t-tevfîḳ fî âdâbi’ṭ-ṭarîḳ (nşr. Muhyiddin et-Tu‘mî, Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâẕeliyyeti’l-kübrâ içinde), s. 118-133.
a.mlf., Leṭâʾifü’l-minen , Beyrut 2005.
Zerrûk, en-Naṣîḥatü’l-kâfiye li-men ḫaṣṣahullāhü bi’l-ʿâfiye (nşr. Abdülmecîd Hayâlî), Beyrut 2001, s. 63.
a.mlf., Ḳavâʿidü’t-taṣavvuf (nşr. Osman el-Huveymidî – Hasan es-Semmâhî Süveydân), Beyrut 1425/2004, s. 82.
Süyûtî, Teʾyîdü’l-ḥaḳīḳati’l-ʿaliyye ve teşyîdü’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’ş-Şâẕeliyye (nşr. M. Hüseynî Mustafa), Halep 2002.
Şa‘rânî, eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’l-kübrâ , Beyrut 1997, s. 290-301.
Zebîdî, İtḥâfü’l-aṣfiyâʾ , s. 209-212.
a.mlf., ʿİḳd , s. 69-72.
Harîrîzâde, Tibyân , II, vr. 167a -180a .
Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî, Mecmûʿatü’l-aḥzâb , İstanbul 1311/1893, I, tür.yer.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 387-390 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.