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ŞENFERÂ Skip to content Sâbit (Amr) b. Mâlik eş-Şenferâ el-Ezdî (ö. 525-550 arası)
Kendisine nisbet edilen Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab adlı kasideyle tanınan Câhiliye şairi.
Milâdî 475 yılı civarında doğdu. Soyları Kahtânîler’e dayanan Ezd (Benî Hâris b. Rebîa) kabilesinin Evâs b. Hacr (Gavs b. Evs) koluna mensuptur. Kaynakların çoğuna göre Şenferâ (kalın dudaklı) onun adı değil lakabıdır. Bazı eserlerde ismi diye zikredilen Sâbit b. Câbir ve Amr b. Berrâk (el-Hemdânî) onun yağmacı arkadaşlarının adıdır. Teninin siyahlığı sebebiyle “ağribetü’l-Arab”dan ve “addâûn”dan (en hızlı koşan Araplar) sayılan Şenferâ yaptıkları baskın, yağma ve çapul eylemlerini şiirlerinde dile getiren “saâlîk” (haydutlar) şairlerindendir. Bu gruba katılmasıyla ilgili olarak kaynaklarda şu hikâyeye yer verilir: Şenferâ çok küçük yaşta ailesiyle birlikte Kays Aylân’dan Benî Şebâbe b. Fehm’e esir düşer. Ardından esir değişimi sonucu Ezd’in kollarından Benî Selâmân’a geçer. Burada yarı esir, yarı köle durumunda evinde büyüdüğü kimsenin (veya kabile ileri gelenlerinden birinin) kızına âşık olur. Kız tarafından reddedildiği gibi kızın babası tarafından da ağır hakaretlere mâruz kalınca ilk efendileri Benî Şebâbe b. Fehm’e sığınır. Bunların, o zamana kadar bilmediği kendi nesebi hakkındaki gerçeği açıklamaları üzerine intikam almak için Benî Selâmân’dan 100 kişiyi öldürmeye yemin eder. Cinayetleri artınca kendi kabilesi (veya onu himaye eden kabile) tarafından kovulur ve saâlîk grubuna katılarak kendisi gibi su‘lûk ve hızlı koşucu olan kız kardeşinin oğlu Teebbeta Şerran (Sâbit b. Câbir) ve Amr b. Berrâk(a) gibi yağmacılarla birlikte baskınlar düzenler; çölde yaşayan kabileler arasında uzun zaman dehşet salar. Aralarında babasının katili Harâm b. Câbir es-Selâmânî’nin de bulunduğu doksan dokuz kişiyi öldürür. Şenferâ baskını yapar yapmaz koşarak çöle kaçar, peşine takılanlar da susuzluktan ölmek korkusuyla takipten vazgeçerdi. Bu sebeple “a‘dâ mine’ş-Şenferâ” (Şenferâ’dan daha hızlı koşucu) sözü darbımesel olmuştur (Meydânî, II, 394-395). Şenferâ, Benî Selâmân’ın Gāmid kolundan üç kişi veya içlerinde babasının katili Harâm b. Câbir’in kardeşi olan hızlı koşuculardan Esîd (Üseyd) b. Câbir’in de yer aldığı bir grup tarafından Ebîde yakınındaki Nâsıf’ta (veya panayırıyla ünlü Hubâşe’de) bir su başında geceleyin pusuya düşürülür. Şenferâ karanlıkta ikisini okla yaralarsa da sonunda yakalanır ve uzun işkencelerden sonra öldürülür. İşkence sırasında şiir söylemesi istenince söylediği, “Şiir neşeli zamanda söylenir” sözü darbımesel haline gelmiştir (İbn Kuteybe, I, 80; Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, XXI, 119). Cesedinin teşhiri esnasında Selâmân’dan bir kişinin kafatasını tekmelemesiyle ayağına batan bir kemik parçasının ölümüne sebep olduğu, böylece öldürmeye yemin ettiği 100 kişinin tamamlandığı anlatılır. Şenferâ’nın günümüze ulaşan az miktardaki şiirleri el-Mufaḍḍaliyyât (Mufaddal ed-Dabbî), el-Ḥamâsetü’l-kübrâ (Ebû Temmâm), el-Emâlî (Ebû Ali el-Kālî), Kitâbü’l-Eġānî (Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî), Müntehe’ṭ-ṭaleb (İbn Meymûn) gibi eserlerde ve antolojilerde yer alır. Bu şiirler daha çok hamâse ve fahr türlerindedir.
Eserleri. 1. Dîvân. Asmaî (ö. 216/831) Şenferâ’nın divanını Mekke’de İmam Şâfiî’den okuduğuna göre şiirleri daha II. (VIII.) yüzyılın sonlarında toplanmış bulunuyordu. Nitekim Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, III. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Şenferâ’nın şiirlerinden meydana gelen bir mecmuanın mevcut olduğunu kaydeder (Aḫbârü’l-Buḥtürî, s. 135). Nevbahtî, şairin Sa‘leb tarafından rivayet edilen divanını ondan okuduğu gibi (Sezgin, II, 134) Bedreddin el-Aynî de eseri başvuru kaynakları arasında zikretmiştir. Şenferâ’nın şiirleri ilk defa Abdülazîz el-Meymenî tarafından eṭ-Ṭarâʾifü’l-edebiyye içinde eksik şekilde yayımlanmış (Kahire 1937, s. 31-42 [89 beyit]), Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb divanın tam neşrini gerçekleştirmiş (Beyrut 1411/1991), eser Dîvânü’ṣ-ṣaʿâlîk içinde de yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1413/1992, s. 11-54). 2. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab. Kahramanlık duyguları ve mertlik ifadeleriyle dolu altmış sekiz beyitlik bir kaside olup Şenferâ’ya nisbet edilen şiirlerin en meşhurudur. Hz. Ömer’in, “Çocuklarınıza Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab’ı okutun, çünkü o çocuklara güzel ahlâkı öğretir” dediği rivayet edilmiştir (Fuâd Efrâm el-Bustânî, II, 112-113). Kaside filolojik değeri yanında Câhiliye devri bedevî yaşayışını, bedevîlerin düşünce hayatını, ahlâk prensiplerini, davranışlarını, saâlîkü’l-Arab’ın hayat tarzını tasvir etmesi bakımından büyük önem taşır. Ancak kasidenin Şenferâ’ya aidiyeti şüphelidir, çünkü en eski ediplerin eserlerinde yer almamaktadır. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab, İbn Kuteybe’nin eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ adlı eserinde zikredilmediği gibi Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin el-Eġānî’sinde şairin biyografisine ayrılan bölümde de (XXI, 118-128) ona herhangi bir işaret yoktur. Ebû Alî el-Kālî el-Emâlî’sinde (I, 156) kasidenin Ebû Muhriz’in (Basralı dil âlimi Halef el-Ahmer, ö. 180/796 [?]) eseri olduğunu belirtir. Öte yandan Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin naklettiğine göre Ebû Ubeyde kasidenin yanlışlıkla Şenferâ’ya nisbet edildiğini söylemiştir. Kasidede Câhiliye dönemine ait yer ve kişi adlarının bulunmaması, diğer su‘lûk şairlerine ait kasidelerin aksine uzun olması, aynı zaman diliminde veya Şenferâ’ya yakın dönemde yaşayan şairlere ait olduğu kabul edilen şiirlerde onun kasidesinde yer almayan bazı tabirlere yer verilmesi gibi hususlar şiirin otantikliği konusunda şüphe uyandırmıştır. Bu kuşkuya Th. Nöldeke, F. Krenkow, F. Gabrieli, R. Blachère ve Yûsuf Huleyf gibi çağdaş âlimler de katılmıştır. Ancak kasidenin râvileri Kûfeli olduğundan, söz konusu şüpheyi ileri sürenlerin arasında Ebû Ubeyde ve İbn Düreyd gibi Basralı dilcilerin bulunmasından dolayı bu şüphe bazı araştırmacılar tarafından mektep taassubu şeklinde yorumlanmış ve kasidenin otantikliğinden şüphe edilmemiştir. G. Jacob ve C. Brockelmann aynı kanaati belirtmiş, S. Stetkevych ise şiiri klasik kasideye geçiş sürecini temsil eden özgün bir eser olarak görmüştür (The Mute Immortals Speak, s. 125-126). İbn Ebû Tâhir Tayfûr (ö. 280/893), şiirin nisbet edildiği Halef el-Ahmer’in çağdaşı sika Uyeyne b. Abdurrahman el-Mühellebî’den naklen kasideye “müfred-benzersiz kasideler” arasında yer vermiştir (el-Mens̱ûr, s. 69-79). Bu da son kanaati teyit ettiği gibi II. (VIII.) yüzyıl râvilerinin kasidenin Şenferâ’ya ait olduğunu bildiklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca kasidede Şenferâ’nın adının iki yerde geçmesi, onun yaşadığı çöl ortamını ve özellikle Ezd kabilesinin bulunduğu Mekke’nin güneyi ile Yemen’in kuzeyindeki dağlar arasındaki yerleri tasvir etmesi, Şenferâ’nın kabilesi tarafından terkedilmesi ve yabani hayvanlarla dost olması, duygu gerçekliği, tasvir inceliği, Câhiliye şiirlerinde görülen “mefâilün”ün “mefâîlün”e dönüşmesi, klasik kaside dönemi öncesini gösteren ilk beytin mısralarının aynı kafiyede (musarra‘) olmaması ve Hz. Ömer’in anılan sözü gibi hususlar kasidenin otantikliğini güçlendirmektedir. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab, zengin lugat malzemesi ve bedevî hayatını mükemmel şekilde tasvir etmesi bakımından Arap edipleri ve şarkiyatçılar tarafından yoğun ilgi görmüş, hakkında birçok şerh yazılmıştır. a) Müberred (Sa‘leb’e de nisbet edilir), Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab (Zemahşerî’ye ait şerhin [aş.bk.] hâşiyesinde, İstanbul 1300, s. 10-70). b) Sa‘leb, Şerḥu Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿArab. c) Zemahşerî, Aʿcebü’l-ʿaceb fî şerḥi Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿArab (İstanbul 1300, s. 10-70). d) Ebü’l-Bekā el-Ukberî, Şerḥu Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿArab (nşr. M. Hayr el-Hulvânî, Beyrut 1403/1983). e) İbn Zâkûr el-Mağribî, Tefrîcü’l-küreb ʿan ḳulûbi ehli’l-edeb fî maʿrifeti Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿArab (Zemahşerî’nin şerhiyle birlikte, Kahire 1324, 1328). f) Atâullah b. Ahmed el-Mısrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb fî şerḥi Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿArab (Zemahşerî’nin şerhiyle birlikte, Kahire 1324, 1328; nşr. Abdullah M. Îsâ Gazzâlî, Küveyt 1412/1992). Zemahşerî, Müberred, Ukberî, İbn Zâkûr el-Mağribî ve Atâullah b. Ahmed el-Mısrî’nin şerhleri Bulûġu’l-ereb fî şerḥi Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿArab adıyla bir arada basılmıştır (nşr. Muhammed Abdülhakîm el-Kādî – Muhammed Abdürrâzık İrfân, Kahire 1989). Eserin İbn Düreyd, Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, İbn Mâlik et-Tâî gibi birçok müellif tarafından kaleme alınan şerhlerinin nüshaları çeşitli kütüphanelerde bulunmaktadır (Sezgin, II, 135-137). Kaside, İslâm dünyasında ilk baskısı İstanbul’da olmak üzere (Zemahşerî şerhiyle birlikte, 1300) Ebü’s-Safâ er-Rıdvânî’nin tashih ve şerhiyle (Hindistan [?] 1304/1886), Muhammed Mahmûd eş-Şinkītî’nin şerhiyle (Kahire 1319, el-Muʿallaḳātü’s-sebʿa, ek), Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî’nin açıklamalarıyla (Rabat 1953), Muhammed Bedî‘ Şerîf’in şerh ve tahkikiyle (Beyrut 1964, 1968) neşredilmiştir. Abdülmuîn el-Mellûhî ile (Dımaşk 1966, el-Lâmiyyetân: Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab, Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem) M. İbrâhim Hûr’un da (Dımaşk 1408/1987) neşirleri mevcuttur. Ayrıca Kahire (1324, 1328), Beyrut (1974) ve Tâif (1399/1979, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾili’l-Kemâliyye içinde) baskıları vardır. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab, Batı dünyasında da büyük ilgi görmüş, ilk defa Silvestre de Sacy tarafından Arapça metniyle birlikte Fransızca tercümesi yayımlanmış (Paris 1826), bunu F. Fresnel’in Fransızca’ya çevirisi izlemiştir (Paris 1834). Ayrıca Muhammed Uzayme – Stefano Mangano tarafından Fransızca’ya çevrilmiştir (Paris 1985). Eseri J. W. Redhouse, G. Hughes (1896), Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (1986) ve Michael A. Sells (1989) İngilizce’ye; F. Rückert (1846), E. Reuss (1853) ve Georg Jacob (1912, 1913, 1914, 1923) Almanca’ya; F. Bayraktareviç (1922) Sırpça-Hırvatça’ya; F. Gabrieli İtalyanca’ya çevirmiştir (1946). Yusuf Cemil Ararat (nşr. M. Sabri Sözeri, İstanbul 1962) ve M. Sadi Çöğenli – Nurettin Ceviz (Lâmiyyetü’l-Arab, Unvânü’l-Hikem, Lâmiyyetü’l-Acem ve Tercümeleri, Erzurum 2000, s. 9-34) tarafından Türkçe’ye yapılan çevirileri de Arapça metinleriyle birlikte basılmıştır. 3. Tâʿiyye. Şenferâ’nın önemli şiirlerinden olan otuz altı beyitlik kaside eski nâdir şiirleri bir araya getiren el-Mufaḍḍaliyyât’ta yer almaktadır (nşr. C. J. Lyall, I, 194-207). Şenferâ bu şiirinde, Benî Selâmân’dan, babasının katili Harâm b. Câbir’i öldürmekle övünür; fakat şiirin esas güzelliği sevgilisi Ümeyme’den bahsettiği nesîb (gazel) kısmındadır (İngilizce’ye çevirisi için bk. Stetkevych, XVIII [1986], s. 371-373). 4. Fâʾiyye. Baskın öncesi gecenin tasvirini yapan ve silâhları anlatan bir kasidedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 535-537 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.