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ŞİBLÎ NU‘MÂNÎ Skip to content ŞİBLÎ NU‘MÂNÎ (1857-1914) Hindistanlı âlim ve tarihçi.
Müellif: Anis Ahmad
Hindistan’ın A‘zamgarh bölgesine bağlı Bindûl’de doğdu. Adı Muhammed’dir. Şiblî lakabı ve İmâm-ı Âzam Nu‘mân b. Sâbit’e nisbetle Nu‘mânî nisbesiyle tanındı. Mevlânâ Şiblî diye de anılır. İslâmî ilimleri, Arap ve Fars edebiyatını dönemin önemli hocalarından okudu (hocaları için bk. M. Hüseyin Meşâyih-i Ferîdenî, III/1-2 [1368/1988-89], s. 41-42). 1877’de hacca gitti. 1882’de Seyyid Ahmed Han tarafından kurulan Aligarh’daki Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College’da (daha sonra Aligarh İslâm Üniversitesi) Arapça hocası olarak çalışmaya başladı. Burada görev yaptığı yıllarda Thomas W. Arnold gibi şarkiyatçılarla tanıştı ve onlarla bilgi alışverişinde bulunarak kendini geliştirdi. Aligarh’daki kolejde çalışırken 1883’te A‘zamgarh’ta millî bir kolej kurdu. Bu dönemde tarih, edebiyat ve düşünce tarihiyle ilgilendi. Tarihe duyduğu ilgi onu İslâm dünyasındaki büyük kütüphaneleri dolaşmaya yöneltti. Bu amaçla Türkiye, Suriye ve Mısır’ı ziyaret etti. İstanbul’a gittiğinde II. Abdülhamid tarafından kabul edildi ve Mecîdî nişanı ile ödüllendirildi. Osmanlı hilâfeti lehine yazılar yazdı, konferanslar verdi. Mısır’a giderken Beyrut ve Kudüs’e uğradı. Mısır’da kaldığı süre içinde Ezher’de çalıştı ve kütüphanelerde araştırmalar yaptı. Tarihle ilgili ilk büyük eseri el-Meʾmûn’u 1887’de tamamladı. 1894’te Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın kuruluş toplantısına katıldı. Aynı yıl kendisine “şemsü’l-ulemâ” unvanı verildi. 1898’de on altı yıldır görev yaptığı Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College’dan ayrıldı. 1900 Kasımında babasından kalan borçları ödemek amacıyla Haydarâbâd’a taşınmak zorunda kaldı. Burada bir süre Haydarâbâd nizamının hizmetinde bulundu. 1903’te kurulan Encümen-i Terakkî-i Urdû’nun birinci sekreterliğine getirildi. 1905’te A‘zamgarh’a dönüp Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın yayım organı Nedve dergisinin editörlüğünü ve Dârülulûm-i Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın ilmî işler sorumluluğunu üstlendi. Burada eğitim programıyla ilgili bazı düşünceleri sebebiyle karşılaştığı muhalefet yüzünden 3 Mart 1913’te görevinden istifa etti. Onun ayrılmasını istemeyen öğrenciler üç ay boyunca Dârülulûm-i Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’da eğitimi boykot ettiler. Şiblî ertesi yıl A‘zamgarh’ta Dârülmusannifîn adlı bir eğitim ve araştırma merkezi kurdu. Ailesinden kalan evini ve kitaplarını buraya bağışlayarak bir kütüphane oluşturdu. 1914’te A‘zamgarh’ta vefat etti. Ölümünden sonra öğrencileri Hamîdüddin Ferâhî ve Seyyid Süleyman Nedvî, Dârülmusannifîn ile ilgilenmişlerdir. Dârülmusannifîn, Hindistan alt kıtasında İslâmî araştırmaların gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamış, Şiblî’nin eserlerinin birçoğu bu kurumun yayını olarak basılmıştır. Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College’da çalışması Şiblî’nin entelektüel gelişimine büyük etkide bulunmuştur. Hint alt kıtasında yetişen ilk modern müslüman tarihçi olan Şiblî geleneksel tarih anlayışıyla modern tarihçiliği birleştiren bir tarihçi diye kabul edilir. Onun Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın tarih anlayışından etkilendiği söylenebilir. Tarihçiliğinin en dikkat çekici yönü İslâm kültürünün ve dinî düşüncenin yeniden ihyasıyla ilgili fikirleridir. Bu bağlamda kelâm ilmiyle de ilgilenmiş ve bu konuda eserler kaleme almıştır (aş.bk.).
Başlıca Eserleri. 1. el-Meʾmûn (Agra 1887). Şiblî bu ilk büyük çalışmasında Abbâsî Halifesi Me’mûn’u akılcı, entelektüel bir devlet adamı olarak tanıtmış, kültür faaliyetlerine dikkat çekmiştir. Seyyid Emîr Ali A Short History of the Saracens, P. K. Hitti Makers of Arab History adlı çalışmalarında bu eserden büyük ölçüde yararlanmışlardır. Sahasında Urduca kaleme alınmış ilk eser olma özelliğini taşıyan kitap Urduca tarih yazıcılığının gelişmesinde önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Eserin ikinci baskısı Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın takriziyle yapılmıştır (A‘zamgarh 1889). 2. Sîret-i Nuʿmân (Agra 1891). İmâm-ı Âzam Ebû Hanîfe’nin hayatına dair Urduca eserde Şiblî sadece Ebû Hanîfe’nin biyografisini yazmakla kalmamış, Hanefî fıkhının önemli noktaları üzerinde de durmuştur. Eser İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir (trc. M. Hadi Husain, Lahor 1972; New Delhi 1988). 3. Sevâniḥ-i Mevlânâ-yı Rûm (Leknev 1902; Lahor 1909). Şiblî, yeni ilm-i kelâma ilgisini göstermesi bakımından önemli olan bu eserinde Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’yi sadece bir sûfî olarak değil aynı zamanda seçkin bir kelâm âlimi olarak ele alıp değerlendirmiştir. 4. Sîretü’n-nebî. Şiblî, Hz. Peygamber’in hayatını anlattığı en önemli çalışması kabul edilen bu eserini beş cilt halinde tasarlamışsa da iki cildini yazabilmiştir. Eserin ilk cildi Şiblî’nin ölümünden sonra basılmış (A‘zamgarh 1918), II. cildi Seyyid Süleyman Nedvî’nin yaptığı bazı ilâvelerle yayımlanmış (A‘zamgarh 1920), Nedvî dört cilt daha yazarak eseri tamamlamıştır. Ömer Rıza Doğrul, aslı Urduca olan eseri İngilizce tercümesinden İslâm Tarihi Asr-ı Saâdet adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (I-IV, İstanbul 1928; bk. ASR-ı SAÂDET). 5. Şiʿrü’l-ʿAcem yâ Târîḫ-i Şuʿarâ ve Edebiyyât-ı Manẓûm-ı Îrân (I-IV, Aligarh 1909-1912; V, A‘zamgarh 1919). Eser Farsça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (trc. Burhâneddin Keşkekî v.dğr., Kâbil 1306-1315 hş.; Tahran 1326-1363 hş.). 6. Külliyyât-ı Şiblî. Kitapta Şiblî’nin şiirleri derlenmiştir (Kanpûr 1909; Tahran 1937; A‘zamgarh 1954). İyi bir şair olan Şiblî’nin “Hımâr-ı Çeşm-i Sâkī” ve “Bâğ ü Bahâr” adlı şiirleri onun bu sahadaki kabiliyetini göstermektedir. 7. ʿÖmer el-Fârûḳ (Kanpûr 1899; İng. trc. Zafar Ali Khan – M. Saleem, I-II, Lahore 1957; İngilizce özeti: London 2004). Ömer Rıza Doğrul tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilen eser Asr-ı Saâdet’in VII. cildi olarak yayımlanmıştır. Eserin iki Türkçe tercümesi daha vardır (Bütün Yönleriyle Hz. Ömer ve Devlet İdaresi, trc. Talip Yaşar Alp, I-II, İstanbul 1986; Hazreti Ömer, trc. Fatih Güngör v.dğr., İstanbul 2004). Şiblî Nu‘mânî’nin diğer bazı eserleri de şunlardır: el-Ġazzâlî (Lahor 1902; T trc. Yusuf Karaca, İslâmın Fikir Kılıcı Gazzâlî’nin Bütün Cepheleri ile Hayatı ve Eserleri, İstanbul 1972), Kitâbḫâne-i İskenderiyye (Agra 1891), Ḫuṭûṭ-ı Şiblî (Agra, ts.), Mekâtîb (nşr. Süleyman Nedvî, I-II, A‘zamgarh 1927-1928), Maḳālât-ı Şiblî, (I-VIII, A‘zamgarh 1934-1954), Sefer-nâme-i Rûm u Mıṣr u Şâm (A‘zamgarh 1940), Târîḫ-i ʿİlm-i Kelâm (Far. trc. M. Takī Fahr-i Dâî-i Gîlânî, Tahran 1328), ʿİlm-i Kelâm-ı Cedîd (Far. trc. M. Takī Fahr-i Dâî-i Gîlânî, Tahran 1329).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Abdülhay el-Hasenî, Nüzhetü’l-ḫavâṭır, VIII, 174-177; Seyyid Süleyman Nedvî, Ḥayât-ı Şiblî, A‘zamgarh 1943; M. Emîn Zübeyrî, Ẕikr-i Şiblî, Lahor 1953; Âftâb Ahmed Sıddîkī, Şiblî ek Debistân, Dakka 1958; Muhammed İkrâm, Yâdgâr-i Şiblî, Lahor 1971; Hânbâbâ, Fihrist, I, 738; III, 3276-3277; IV, 4116; Mehr Afroz Murad, Intellectual Modernism of Shibli Nu’mani, Lahore 1976; Anis Ahmad, Two Approaches to Islamic History: A Critique of Shibli Nu’man’s and Sayed Amir Ali’s Interpretation of History (doktora tezi, 1980), Michigan University; Mazheruddin Siddiqui, Modern Reformist Thought in the Muslim World, Islamabad 1402/1982, s. 218-223; Seyyid Sabahaddin Abdurrahman, Mevlânâ Şiblî Nuʿmânî par ek Naẓar, Karaçi 1992; Javed Ali Khan, “Shibli’s Studies in Islamic History”, Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture (ed. Mohamed Taher), New Delhi 2003, V, 90-98; Fazlur Rahman, “Sirat al-Nabi of ‘Allamah Shibli”, JPHS, VIII (1960), s. 1-18, 167-183, 260-270; M. Hüseyin Meşâyih-i Ferîdenî, “Şemsü’l-ʿulemâ’ Şiblî Nuʿmânî Îrânşinâs-ı Meşhûr-ı Hind”, Taḥḳīḳāt-ı İslâmî, III/1-2, Tahran 1368/1988-89, s. 34-60; W. Christian Troll, “Muhammad Shibli Nu’mani (1857-1914) and the Reform of Muslim Religious Education”, Islam and the Modern Age, XXIV/1, New Delhi 1993, s. 1-19; Mihrünnisâ E. Han, “Mevlânâ Şiblî ve Şiʿr-i Fârsî”, Dâniş, sy. 84-85, İslâmâbâd 1385/2006, s. 223-234; J. A. Haywood, “S̲h̲iblī Nuʿmānī”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 433-434.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 126-127 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Müellif: Mehmet Sait Özervarlı
Fikirleri. Hindistan’da modernist düşünce genellikle Seyyid Ahmed Han’la başlatılsa da bölgede yeni kelâm hareketinin temsilciliğini Şiblî Nu‘mânî yapmıştır. Şiblî, tarihçiliğinin yanında çalışmalarında temel İslâm ilimlerini de konu edinmiş, ıslahat anlayışında fıkıh ve siyasetten ziyade kelâma öncelik vermiştir. Kelâm ilmini çağdaş dinî akılcılık bakımından bir hareket noktası ve ilham kaynağı olarak görmüş, eski kelâm metodunun yetersiz kalması yüzünden yeni bir kelâm kitabı yazma ihtiyacını dile getirmiştir (Târîḫ-i ʿİlm-i Kelâm, s. 2-3). Şiblî’ye göre son dönemde bazı kelâm kitapları telif edilmişse de bunların bir kısmı müteahhir Eş‘ariyye’yi, bir kısmı da Avrupa’ya has inanç ve düşünceleri ölçü almış, dolayısıyla birinciler taklide, ikinciler ise taklidî bir ictihada yönelmiştir. Bu sebeple Şiblî, Hindistan’da 1894’te Nedvetü’l-ulemâ adıyla kurulan cemiyetin hedefine uygun biçimde materyalizmin İslâm âleminde yayılmasına karşı yeni bir kelâm ilmi tesis etmek amacıyla eserler kaleme almıştır.
Modern çağın gereklerine uygun açıklamalar getirmeyi zorunlu gören Şiblî’ye göre itikadî konuların yanı sıra dinin tarihî, ahlâkî ve sosyal yönleri de sorgulanmaya başlandığı için yeni kelâm ilminde bunların da ele alınması gerekir. Önceki kelâm kitaplarında bulunan uzun mukaddimeler, anlaşılması zor terimler ve lüzumsuz tartışmalara karşılık yeni çalışmalarda temel konulara açık biçimde yer verilmeli, aklın yanında kalp ve vicdanın da tatmin edilmesi hedeflenmelidir (ʿİlm-i Kelâm-ı Cedîd, s. 4). Şiblî, Selefî eğilimdeki Hint âlimlerinin aksine yalnızca Asr-ı saâdet’ten değil İslâm tarihindeki bütün birikimden ve her alandaki âlimlerden istifade edilmesini gerekli görmüştür. Gazzâlî veya Fahreddin er-Râzî birer kelâm âlimi olduğu gibi İslâm’ı farklı bir üslûpla takdim etmek isteyen Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî de bir kelâmcıdır. Şiblî’nin yeni metot arayışında, kelâm tarihindeki görüşlerden seçme ve tercihler yaparak gelenekten kopmadan kelâmı yenileme yolunu benimsediği görülmektedir. Yeni kelâmla ilgili eserinde kelâm kitaplarının başında yer alan bilgi konusu yerine dinin mahiyeti ve fıtrîliği konusunu işlemiş, din duygusunun doğuştan gelen bir haslet olduğu hususu üzerinde durmuştur.
Ulûhiyyet inancı bağlamında daha çok tevhid konusuna vurgu yapan Şiblî Nu‘mânî, Allah ile kul arasına herhangi bir aracının konmaması ve kişinin ihtiyaçlarını doğrudan Allah’a arzetmesinin gerekliliğini sıkça vurgulamıştır. Ona göre diğer din ve inançların ulûhiyyet anlayışındaki karmaşıklığın aksine İslâm’daki apaçık tevhid ve tenzih fikri, putperestliğin bir daha geri gelmeyecek şekilde müslüman toplumlardan tamamen sökülüp atılmasını sağlamıştır (a.g.e., s. 55, 117-118). Kur’an’da çoğunlukla ilâhî iradenin beşerî fiillerden sonraya bırakıldığı görülmekle beraber (Yûnus 10/9; en-Nahl 16/104; Muhammed 47/7; es-Saf 61/5) insanların fiillerinde zorunluluk altında olduğu kanaatini uyandıran bazı âyetler de bulunmaktadır (meselâ en-Nisâ 4/78; el-En‘âm 6/18). Bundan hareketle bazı çevreler, müslümanlar arasında görülen tembelliği ve geriliği kazâ ve kader inancına bağlamakta, dolayısıyla diğer dinlerin üstünlüğünü ileri sürmektedir. Bu iddia her ne kadar bir kısım tasavvuf ehlinin davranışlarıyla teyit edilmişse de gerçekte asılsızdır. İslâm dini insanı tamamen hür kabul etmekle beraber bu özelliğinin onu haddi aşmaya veya sorumluluklarını ihmal etmeye yöneltmesini de kabul etmez (a.g.e., s. 192-194; krş. Mehr Afroz Murad, s. 55).
Şiblî’nin yeni ilm-i kelâma dair eserinde üzerinde en çok durduğu konu nübüvvettir. Peygamberliğin bazı üstün özelliklere sahip kimselere verileceği hususunda İbn Hazm, Gazzâlî, Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Şah Veliyyullah’a dayalı açıklamalar yaptıktan sonra kendi görüşünü şöyle temellendirir: Allah bazı insanlara diğerlerinde bulunmayan yetenekler ihsan eder. Bu ruhanî kapasiteler içinde nefis terbiyesi ve ahlâk temizliğiyle ilgili bir yetenek vardır ki “kuvve-i kudsiyye” veya “meleke-i nübüvvet” diye anılır. Buna sahip olan kişi öğrenim görmediği halde nesne ve olayların mahiyeti kendisine açılır. Nitekim peygamberler ümmî iken fesahat, belâgat ve hitabette yüksek dereceler elde etmişlerdir. Meselâ Hz. İbrâhim, Hz. Îsâ ve Hz. Muhammed rehberlik ve telkin yoluyla dünya tarihini değiştirmiş, ahlâk felsefesinde Eflâtun ve Aristo’yu aşan prensip ve metotlar ortaya koymuştur (ʿİlm-i Kelâm-ı Cedîd, s. 89-90).
Mûcize üzerine kurulu yaygın nübüvvet anlayışını eleştiren Şiblî’ye göre davet ve tebliğleri sırasında peygamberlere mânevî destek verilirken Allah’ın koyduğu tabiat düzeninin bozulması gerekmez. Aksi takdirde her şeyin illetsiz meydana gelebileceği görüşü ortaya çıkar. Bundan dolayı mûcizelerin bilinmeyen gizli bir sebeple ve ilâhî kanun çerçevesinde oluşan hadiseler şeklinde açıklanması daha doğrudur. Nitekim âlemdeki sebepler zinciri üzerinde inceleme yapıldığı takdirde mûcizelerin sırrı daha iyi anlaşılabilir. Görevi dünya ve âhiret mutluluğuna ulaştırmak olan bir peygamberin elindeki cismi ejderhaya çevirmesi hayret verici de olsa insanlığa sunduğu mânevî değerlere fazla bir katkı sağlamaz (a.g.e., s. 61-64, 72-73). Şiblî, mûcizelerin niteliği hususunda Allah’ın kanunlarına aykırı hiçbir olayın meydana gelmeyeceği yönünde -bazı Eş‘arîler hariç- bütün mezhep âlimlerinin birleştiğini söyler. Peygamberlere gelen vahyin insanlar tarafından anlaşılması konusuna değinen Şiblî nasların zâhirî çerçevesi içinde birbirinden farklı mânalarının olabileceğini, bunların ortaya çıkarılmasıyla bazı anlam sorunlarının çözüleceğini düşünür. Her dilde çok anlamlı mecazi ifadeler bulunur. Meselâ “el açıklığı” deyince cömertliğin anlaşılması hiçbir anlam değişikliği meydana getirmezken yaygın mânanın kastedilmesi bazı problemlere yol açar. Şu halde asıl dikkate alınması gereken husus şudur: Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, Allah kelâmı olmasının yanı sıra Arapça indirildiği için bu dilde bulunan bütün yapı ve kullanılışları yani mecaz, istiare ve teşbihlerin her çeşidini içerir. Dolayısıyla zâhirî anlamın terkedilmediği, aralarından birinin uygun görüldüğü açıklamalar çok defa te’vil olarak isimlendirilse de aslında bunlar tam bir te’vil değildir. Zira bir kelimenin aslî mânasından başka bazan birçok anlamı bulunabilmektedir. Metinlerdeki kelimelerin tek mânaya indirilmesi durumunda lugat kitaplarında mevcut karşılıkların çoğunun göz ardı edileceği hesaba katılırsa dilde yer alan sözlük anlamlarının çoğunun aslında zâhirî mâna kapsamına girdiği anlaşılır (a.g.e., s. 163-169). Şiblî ayrıca, tarihteki Bâtıniyye tehlikesi yüzünden başka yönlere çekilmesini önlemek için dinî metinlerin âlimler tarafından sadece yaygın sözlük anlamlarıyla açıklandığını belirtir (İslâmın Fikir Kılıcı Gazzâlî, s. 137).
Kur’an’da Allah’ın birliğine ve Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğine inanan herkes müslüman kabul edildiğinden bazı hadislere dayanılarak tekfir iddialarının ortaya atılması mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple Mu‘tezile, Kaderiyye ve Cehmiyye gibi fırkalar İslâm dışında tutulmamış ve ümmetin yetmiş üç fırkaya bölünüp yalnız birinin kurtuluşa ereceğini haber veren rivayete uyulmamıştır. Dolayısıyla metinlerin zâhirine takılıp kalan bazı âlimlerin bu tür hadisleri dikkate alıp bazı insanları tekfir etmeleri kabul edilemez bir durumdur.
Âhiret hayatının farklılığına dikkat çeken Şiblî, ruhanî âleme ve bedenlerin yeniden dirilmesine ateistlerin itiraz etmesi karşısında rüya olayını delil gösterir. Hiç kimse rüyayı inkâr edemeyeceğine göre rüya sahibinin uzak yerleri görüp nakletmesi gibi nebî ve velîlerin uhrevî ve ruhanî âlemi tasvir etmeleri de mümkündür. İnsanlara dünyada yaptıklarının karşılığı olarak âhirette mükâfat veya ceza verilmesi Şiblî’ye göre naslarda yalın biçimde ifade edilmiştir. Zira âhiret hayatı gibi beşer tasavvurunun dışında kalan bir konu ancak farklı ifadeler ve maddî bir üslûpla nakledilmesi halinde anlaşılabilir. Aslında ceza ve mükâfat konusunu sebep-sonuç ilişkisi içinde anlamak gerekir. Madde âleminde nasıl zehir öldürücü, ilâç tedavi edici ise ruh dünyasında da aynı durum söz konusudur. İyi veya kötü davranışlardan ruhun etkilenmemesi mümkün değildir. Ruhun iyi fiiller neticesinde duyduğu mutlulukla kötü amellerden dolayı hissettiği üzüntünün isimleri dinde mükâfat ve cezadır. Gazzâlî’nin el-Maḍnûn adı eserine atıf yapan Şiblî bu konudaki görüşlerini şu şekilde açıklar: Allah’ın emir ve nehiyleri bir tabibin hastaya ilâç ve perhiz vermesine benzer. Hastanın bunlara uymaması durumunda rahatsızlığın sürmesinin gerçek sebebi ilâcın ve perhizin ihmal edilmesi iken halk genellikle bunu tabibin tavsiyesine uymamak şeklinde algılar. Aslında mesele doğrudan ilâç ve perhizle ilgilidir. Tabip perhiz tavsiye etmeseydi bile kişi gerekli perhizi yapmadığı için yine zarar görecekti. Aynı şekilde Allah’ın günah işlemeyi yasaklamaması halinde de ruh onu işlemekle üzüntü duyacaktı. Nitekim Kur’an’da cehennemin kesin ilimle görülebileceği (et-Tekâsür 102/5-6) ve hâlihazırda insanı kuşattığı (el-Kehf 18/29; el-Ankebût 29/54) yönünde işaretler bulunmaktadır (ʿİlm-i Kelâm-ı Cedîd, s. 120-123, 179-181).
İslâm’ın temel ilkelerinde mevcut berraklık ve sadeliğe rağmen zamanla birçok ilâve yapılarak kelâm ilminin bir problemler yumağı haline getirildiğini belirten Şiblî, ilk dönem müslümanlarının bile bu tür meselelerle kuşatılmış İslâm’ı anlayamayacağını söyler. Ona göre asıl şaşılacak şey Kur’an’ın mahlûk olup olmadığı, Allah’ın sıfatlarının zâtıyla münasebeti ve amelin imandan bir cüz sayılıp sayılmayacağı gibi tartışmaların küfür ya da imanın ölçüsü diye kabul edilmesidir. Bunlar eskiden bilinmediği halde bazı vasıtalarla kelâm ilmine girip zaman içinde kelâmcıların vazgeçilmez meselesi durumuna gelen tartışmalar veya Kur’an’da geçen, fakat mahiyeti ve keyfiyeti bilinmeyip te’vile tâbi tutulan konulardır. Ancak bu tartışmalar yüzyıllar boyunca İslâm esasları gibi telakki edildiğinden hemen çıkarılıp atılması kolay değildir (a.g.e., s. 144-146). Nitekim sahâbe devrinden itibaren ictihad teşvik edildiği halde daha sonra taklit hâkim olmaya başlamıştır. Düşünme ve araştırma ruhu her ne kadar kelâm kitaplarına, “İtikadda taklit câiz değildir” ifadesiyle geçmişse de bu, sonraki dönemlerde geçerliliği bulunmayan bir söz olarak kalmıştır (a.g.e., s. 115-116, 194).
Şiblî Nu‘mânî kelâmın siyerle bağlantısını kurmak istemiştir. Dinin sadece Allah’a imandan ibaret bulunmadığını, nübüvvetin de onun bir parçası olduğunu, dolayısıyla peygamberin şahsiyeti ve hayatıyla ilgili muhtemel sorularla kelâm ilminin ilgilenmesi gerektiğini vurgular. Ayrıca evlilik, İslâm’ı zorla kabul ettirme, köleliğe izin verme, dünya işleri ve siyasetle uğraşma gibi konularda Batılı yazarlarca Hz. Peygamber’e eleştiriler yöneltildiğini ifade ederek bunlara cevap verilmesinin zorunlu hale geldiğini belirtir (Sirat-un-Nabi, I, 7, 88). Bu noktada İslâm’ın inanç ve prensiplerini diğer din ve medeniyetlerle mukayese edip üstünlüğünü göstermeye çalışır. Bunun yanında insan hakları, kadının konumu, miras ve amme hukuku gibi o zamana kadar kelâmda ele alınmayan konulara da başlıklar halinde yer vermiştir (ʿİlm-i Kelâm-ı Cedîd, s. 127-144). Bu durumda kelâmın muhtevası, konularının sıralanışı sabit ve durağan olmaktan çıkmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şiblî Nû‘mânî, Târîḫ-i ʿİlm-i Kelâm (trc. M. Takī Fahr-i Dâî-i Gîlânî), Tahran 1328, s. 2-3; a.mlf., ʿİlm-i Kelâm-ı Cedîd (trc. M. Takī Fahr-i Dâî-i Gîlânî), Tahran 1329, tür.yer.; a.mlf., İslâmın Fikir Kılıcı Gazzâlî’nin Bütün Cepheleri ile Hayatı ve Eserleri (trc. Yusuf Karaca), İstanbul 1972, s. 137; a.mlf., Imam Abu Hanifah: Life and Work (trc. M. Hadi Hussain), New Delhi 1988, s. 153-156; a.mlf., Sirat-un-Nabi (trc. M. Tayyib Bakhsh Budayūni), Lahore 1979, I, 7, 72-73, 88; Aziz Ahmad, Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857-1964, London 1967, s. 77, 110; L. S. May, The Evolution of Indo-Muslim Thought after 1857, Lahore 1970, s. 131-135; Mehr Afroz Murad, Intellectual Modernism of Shibli Nu‘mani: An Exposition of His Religious and Political Ideas, Lahore 1976, tür.yer.; Fazlur Rahman, Islam, Chicago 1979, s. 217; a.mlf., Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition, Chicago 1982, s. 51-52; Christian W. Troll, “The Fundamental Nature of Prophethood and Miracle: A Chapter from Shibli Nu’mani’s Al-Kalam, Introduced, Translated and Annotated”, Islam in India: Studies and Commentaires I: The Akbar Mission and Miscellaneous Studies (nşr. Christian W. Troll), New Delhi 1982, s. 86-115; a.mlf., “Reason and Revelation in the Theology of Mawlana Shibli Nu’mani (1857-1914)”, Islam and the Modern Age, XIII/1, New Delhi 1982, s. 19-32; a.mlf., “Muhammad Shibli Nu‘mani (1857-1914) and the Reform of Muslim Religious Education”, Madrasa: La transmission du savoir dans le monde musulman (ed. N. Grandin – M. Gaborieau), Paris 1997, s. 145-157; D. Lelyveld, Aligarh’s First Generation, Oxford 1996, s. 240-252; Semîr Abdülhamîd İbrâhim, “el-İtticâhü’l-İslâmî fî edebi’l-ʿallâme Şiblî Nuʿmânî”, Mecelletü’l-Câmiʿati’l-İmâm Muḥammed b. Suʿûd el-İslâmiyye, sy. 17, Riyad 1417/1996, s. 291-360; Muhammad Ahmadullah, “Shibli: On Religion”, IC, LXXI/4 (1997), s. 17-37; Arshad Islam, “Allama Shibli Nu‘mani (1857-1914): A Monumental Islamic Scholar”, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, XXVI/1, Islamabad 2005, s. 59-82; Mehmet Özşenel, “Hindistan’da Hilafet Meselesine Aykırı Bir Bakış: Şiblî Numanî ve Hilafet Makalesi”, Sakarya Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 15, Adapazarı 2007, s. 153-160; J. A. Haywood, “S̲h̲iblī Nuʿmānī”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 433-434.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 127-129 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.