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SİLEFÎ Skip to content Ebû Tâhir Sadrüddîn Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Silefe es-Silefî (ö. 576/1180)
Hadis âlimi.
475 (1082) yılında İsfahan’da dünyaya geldi. 470 (1077), 472, 474 ve 478’de (1085) doğduğu da zikredilmiştir. Farsça sih (üç) ve leb (dudak) kelimelerinden oluşan silebe (üç dudaklı) Arapça’ya silefe şeklinde geçmiş, bir dudağı yarık olduğu için büyük dedesi İbrâhim’e bu isim verilmiş, kendisi de gençliğinde Ahmed b. Muhammed Âlü’s-Silefe ismini kullandığı için Silefî nisbesiyle anılmıştır. İlimle uğraşan bir aile içinde yetişen Silefî on bir yaşında İsfahan’da Kur’an öğrenmeye başladı. Babası onu ilim meclislerine götürdü. 488 (1095) yılında ilk hadis hocası, Hanbelîler’in reisi Ebû Muhammed Rızkullah b. Abdülvehhâb et-Temîmî’nin ders halkasına katıldı ve onun teşvikiyle hadis ilmine yöneldi. Daha sonra İsfahan’da Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Medînî, Reîs diye bilinen Kāsım b. Fazl es-Sekafî, Saîd b. Muhammed el-Cevherî ve Ebû Mutî‘ Muhammed b. Abdülvâhid el-Medînî es-Sahhâf gibi muhaddislerden hadis yazdı. Ebü’l-Feth Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Haddâd, Ebû Saîd Nasr b. Muhammed eş-Şîrâzî ve Ebû Sa‘d Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Mutarriz’den kıraat okudu. İlmî seyahatlere çıkmadan önce İsfahan’da kendilerinden faydalandığı, çoğu muhaddis olan hocalarının 600 civarında olduğu belirtilmekte, bunlar arasında altı hanımın ismi geçmektedir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XXI, 8-10, 21; Safedî, VII, 352). Silefî kısa zamanda kendini yetiştirdi, on yedi yaşında iken kurduğu ders halkasına pek çok talebe katıldı (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XXI, 7). 493’te (1100) yaklaşık on sekiz yıl sürecek bir yolculuk için İsfahan’dan ayrıldı. Bağdat’ta Nizâmiye Medresesi’nde başta hadis olmak üzere tefsir, fıkıh, kıraat ve lugat ilimlerini tahsil etti. Ebü’l-Hattâb Nasr b. Ahmed b. Batar, Ca‘fer b. Ahmed es-Serrâc, Sâbit b. Bündâr, Mü’temen b. Ahmed es-Sâcî, İbn Sivâr ve İbnü’t-Tuyûrî diye bilinen Ebü’l-Hüseyin Mübârek b. Abdülcebbâr’dan hadis, Ebû Mansûr Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hayyât’tan kıraat, Muhammed b. Ahmed eş-Şâşî ve Kiyâ el-Herrâsî’den Şâfiî fıkhı öğrendi. Bağdat’taki hocaları arasında sekiz hanım vardır (a.g.e., XXI, 12).
497’de (1104) Bağdat’a ziyaretine gelen babasıyla birlikte hac görevini ifa etmek için Hicaz’a gitti. Burada Mekke müftüsü muhaddis Hüseyin b. Ali et-Taberî ve Medine’de Muhammed b. Mahmûd el-Kazvînî başta olmak üzere birçok âlimle görüştükten sonra Bağdat’a döndü. 500 (1106) yılında Bağdat’tan ayrılıp önce Basra’ya, ardından Vâsıt, Nihâvend, Hemedan, Rey, Kazvin, Tüster ve Zencan gibi merkezleri dolaştı. Kuzeyde Azerbaycan’ın Derbend şehrine kadar vardı. Buradan güneye yönelerek el-Cezîre, Ahlat, Âmid (Diyarbekir), Mardin ve Nusaybin gibi şehirlerde âlimlerle görüştükten sonra 509’da (1115) iki yıl kalacağı Dımaşk’a geldi. 511 (1117) yılında gittiği ve kısa bir süre kaldığı Sûr şehrinden İskenderiye’ye geçti. Yöneticilerinden ve ilim ehlinden gördüğü ilgi üzerine burada kalmaya karar verdi ve 515-517 (1121-1123) yılları arasında Kahire’de geçen zaman dışında hayatını İskenderiye’de geçirdi.
İskenderiye’de varlıklı bir hanımla evlenen Silefî bütün vaktini telif ve tedrise ayırdı. Talebelerinin çoğalması üzerine Fâtımîler’in Sünnî vezirlerinden Âdil b. Sellâr, 546’da (1151) İskenderiye’de sonradan Medresetü’l-Âdiliyye veya Medresetü’s-Silefiyye adıyla meşhur olan bir medrese inşa ettirdi ve başına Silefî’yi getirdi. Silefî’nin burada okuttuğu derslere İslâm dünyasının her tarafından, hatta Endülüs ve Sicilya’dan pek çok talebe katıldı. Hanımının bütün servetini bu talebelerinin hizmetinde kullandı, ayrıca fakirlere yardımda bulundu. İsfahan’daki kitaplarını da İskenderiye’ye getiren Silefî, bizzat kendisinin istinsah ettikleri yanında çok miktarda kitap satın alıp geniş bir kütüphane kurdu. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî, oğlu el-Melikü’l-Azîz, veziri Kādî el-Fâzıl, Eyyûbîler’in Hama meliki el-Melikü’l-Mansûr ve İbnü’l-Kıftî gibi devlet adamları onun derslerine katıldı. Talebeleri arasında Ebû Hâzim İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, İbn Zafer, İbn Sa‘dûn el-Kurtubî, İbn Hayr el-İşbîlî, Meyyânişî, İbnü’l-Mufaddal el-İskenderânî, Ali b. Ebû Bekir el-Herevî, Necmeddîn-i Kübrâ, Ruhâvî, Îsâ b. Abdülazîz el-İskenderânî ve Muhammed b. Abdülazîz el-İdrîsî gibi pek çok âlim bulunmaktadır. “Zamanımda yaşayanlara, müslümanlara, icâzet isteyen herkese bütün duyduklarım ve rivayet ettiklerim için icâzet verdim” şeklindeki sözüyle umumi icâzeti uyguladığı için çağdaşlarından birçok kişi kendisiyle görüşmediği halde ondan icâzetli olduğunu söylemiştir. Silefî 5 Rebîülâhir 576’da (29 Ağustos 1180) İskenderiye’de vefat etti. Cenaze namazı İbn Avf diye bilinen Ebû Tâhir İsmâil b. Mekkî el-Kureşî tarafından kıldırıldıktan sonra İskenderiye’nin batı tarafındaki Bâbülahdar Kapısı yanında sur içinde bulunan Va‘le Kabristanı’na defnedildi.
Özellikle hadis ilmi açısından güvenilir bir kişi kabul edilen Silefî’yi Abdülkerîm es-Sem‘ânî imam, muhaddis, sika, hâfız, hüccet, sebt ve mütkın diye tanıtmaktadır (Safedî, VII, 352). İbn Nâsır es-Selâmî onun hadis tahsilinde bir şûleye benzediğini (İbn Nukta, s. 179), İbnü’l-Mufaddal hadis ilminde zamanının yegânesi olduğunu (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XXI, 22), İbn Hallikân ömrünün sonlarında çağdaşları arasında benzeri bulunmadığını (Vefeyât, I, 105), Zehebî de hadis âlimleri içinde onun dışında yaklaşık seksen yıl hadis rivayet eden başka bir kimse tanımadığını (Sübkî, VI, 36) söyler. Derslerinde çok disiplinli davranan Silefî, bir ders takriri sırasında mecliste bulunan devrin sultanı Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî kardeşiyle konuşmaya dalınca buna müdahale etmiş ve hadis okunurken konuşmanın doğru olmadığını belirtmiştir (İbn Nukta, s. 179). Safedî Silefî’yi kıraatte otorite diye niteler (el-Vâfî, VII, 352), İbnü’l-Cezerî ise onu yaşadığı dönemde hadis ve kıraat ilimlerinde en âlî isnadların sahibi olarak tanıtır (Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye, I, 102). Aynı zamanda şair olan Silefî, kendi yazdıkları yanında özellikle biyografilerini verdiği şair hocalarının şiirlerinden de örnekler nakletmiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Muʿcemü’s-sefer. İsfahan ve Bağdat’ta iken kendilerinden faydalandığı hocalarının dışında kalan yaklaşık 2000 hocasının tanıtıldığı bir eser olup matbu nüshalarında 800 civarında biyografi bulunmaktadır (nşr. Behîce Bâkır el-Hasenî, Bağdat 1978; nşr. Şîr Muhammed Zamân, İslâmâbâd 1408/1988; nşr. Abdullah Ömer el-Bârûdî, Beyrut 1414/1993). İhsan Abbas, Muʿcemü’s-sefer’de yer alan Endülüslü âlimlerden tesbit ettiği 104 kişiyi Aḫbâr ve terâcim Endelüsiyye müsteḫrace min Muʿcemi’s-sefer li’s-Silefî adlı çalışmasında bir araya getirmiştir (Beyrut 1963, 1967, 1399/1979, 1405/1985). Şîr Muhammed Zamân’ın Muʿcemü’s-sefer’i ve yazma nüshalarını tanıttığı bir çalışması Muhammed Hurşîd er-Radavî tarafından Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir (ed-Dirâsâtü’l-İslâmiyye, XXI/2 [İslâmâbâd 1986], s. 19-57). Yûsuf Tallâl el-Lurinzî “el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-mevżûʿa ve’ż-żaʿîfe fî Muʿcemi’s-sefer li’l-Ḥâfıẓ es-Silefî” (a.g.e., XXXIII/4 [1997], s. 85-118) adıyla bir makale yazmıştır. 2. el-Meşyeḫatü’l-Baġdâdiyye (Muʿcemü şüyûḫi Baġdâd). Bağdat’ta 493-497 (1100-1104) yılları arasında kendilerinden faydalandığı hocalarının tanıtıldığı eserin otuz beş cüzden ibaret olduğu ve 2000 civarında biyografi içerdiği belirtilmektedir. Biri tam (Escurial Library, nr. 1783, 347 sayfa), diğeri eksik (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 532, 74 varak) iki nüshası günümüze ulaşmıştır. 3. eṭ-Ṭuyûriyyât (es-Silefiyyât). Silefî’nin hocası İbnü’t-Tuyûrî’nin hadise dair eserlerinden derlendiği için eṭ-Ṭuyûriyyât, müellife nisbetle es-Silefiyyât (el-Eczâʾü’s-Silefiyyât) adıyla anılan ve 100 cüzden yahut iki veya üç büyük ciltten oluştuğu kaydedilen eserin tamamı günümüze ulaşmamıştır (nşr. Me’mûn es-Sâğarcî – Muhammed Edîb el-Câdir, Dımaşk 1422/2001; nşr. Desmân Yahyâ Meâlî – Abbas Sahr el-Hasan, I-IV, Riyad 1425/2004). 4. Erbaʿûne’l-büldâniyye (Kitâbü’l-Erbaʿîn el-müstaġnî bi-taʿyîni mâ fîhi ʿani’l-muʿîn) (nşr. Muhammed İdrîs Zübeyr, Lahor, ts.). Silefî bu eserinde ilmî seyahatleri sırasında derlediği hadislerden beldelere göre bir seçme yapmış ve kırk ayrı yerdeki kırk hocadan alınan kırk hadisi bir eserde toplayıp rivayet etme geleneğini başlatmıştır. Mekke ve Medine ile başlayan eserin hadislerini Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir, Ṭuruḳu Erbaʿîn el-ḥâfıẓ es-Silefî ve’t-taʿrîfü bi-ruvâtihâ ve ẕikri’l-ʿâlî ve’n-nâzili min derecâtihâ adıyla tahriç edip açıklamıştır (Zâhiriye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 1070). 5. el-Vecîz fî ẕikri’l-mücâz ve’l-mücîz. Eserde icâzet, icâzet çeşitleri, şartları, bu anlamda kullanılan diğer lafızlarla ulemânın bu konudaki görüşleri ele alınmış, ayrıca müellife icâzet veren hocalar kısaca tanıtılmıştır. Muhammed Hayr el-Bikāî tarafından neşre hazırlanan eserin (Beyrut 1411/1991) muhtevasını Georges Vajda bir makalede incelemiştir (“Un opuscule inédit d’as-Silafî”, Bulletin d’information de l’Institut de recherche et d’histoire des textes, XIV [Paris 1966], s. 85-92). 6. Suʾâlâtü’l-Ḥâfıẓ es-Silefî li-Ḫamîs el-Ḥavzî ʿan cemâʿatin min ehli Vâsıṭ. Vâsıt’ta yaşayan veya tahsil için buraya uğrayan 126 kişi hakkındadır (nşr. Mutâ’ et-Tarâbîşî, Dımaşk 1396/1976, 1403/1983). 7. el-Mecâlisü’s-Selemâsiyye (es-Selemâsiyyât, el-Mecâlisü’l-ḫamse). 506 (1112) yılında Selemâs şehrinde talebelerine yazdırdığı beş meclislik bir emâlîdir (nşr. Ebû Ubeyde Meşhûr b. Hasan Âlü Selmân, Riyad 1414/1994). 8. Meşyeḫatü Ebî ʿAbdillâh er-Râzî. İbnü’l-Hattâb diye bilinen Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed b. İbrâhim er-Râzî’nin hadis, kıraat ve tecvidde üstat, çoğu Mısırlı kırk altı hocasının tanıtıldığı bir eserdir (nşr. Hâtim b. Ârif el-Avnî, Riyad 1415/1994). 9. el-Münteḫab min Kitâbi’l-İrşâd fî maʿrifeti ʿulemâʾi’l-bilâd li’l-Ḫalîlî. Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Halîlî’nin el-İrşâd’ının özeti olup Endülüs’ten Mâverâünnehir’e kadar otuz bir şehirden mükerrerleriyle birlikte 933 (914) hadis âliminin tanıtıldığı eser Muhammed Saîd Ömer İdrîs tarafından doktora tezi olarak tahkik edilmiştir (Riyad 1409/1989). 10. el-Münteḳā min Kitâbi Mekârimi’l-aḫlâḳ ve meʿâlîhâ ve maḥmûdi ṭarâʾiḳihâ. Harâitî’nin ibretli hadis, hikâye ve şiirlerden seçmeler yaparak oluşturduğu ve kısaca Mekârimü’l-aḫlâḳ adını verdiği eserinin 613 rivayet içeren bir muhtasarıdır (nşr. Muhammed Mutî’ el-Hâfız – Gazve Büdeyr, Dımaşk 1406/1986). 11. Muḳaddimetü imlâʾi’l-İstiẕkâr. İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin eserine yazılmış bir mukaddime olan ve müellifin kişiliği, kitabının özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilen eser, bir başkasının kitabına mukaddime yazma âdetinin ilk örneğidir (nşr. Abdüllatîf b. Muhammed el-Ceylânî, Beyrut 1422). 12. Muḳaddimetü imlâʾi Meʿâlimi’s-sünen li’l-Ḫaṭṭâbî. Abdüsselâm Abdüşşâfî Muhammed tarafından hazırlanan Meʿâlimü’s-Sünen neşrinin sonunda Muḳaddimetü’l-ḥâfıẓ el-kebîr Ebû Ṭâhir es-Silefî adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1411/1991, IV, 326-345). 13. İntiḫâbât min Müsnedi İbn Zeydân (nşr. Muhammed Ziyâd Tekile, Cemheretü’l-eczâʾi’l-ḥadîs̱iyye içinde, Riyad 1421). 14. Ḳaṣîde fî medḥi’s-sünne ve’t-tibâʿi ʿaḳīdeti’s-selef. Yirmi sekiz beyitten oluşan bir kaside olup Müşebbihe ve Muattıla gibi sapık fırkalar eleştirilmektedir (nşr. Nizâm Muhammed Sâlih Ya‘kūbî, Liḳāʾü’l-ʿaşri’l-evâḫir bi’l-Mescidi’l-Ḥarâm içinde, Beyrut 1423/2002).
Silefî’nin seksen civarında olduğu bilinen eserlerinden Şarṭü’l-ḳırâʾati ʿale’ş-şüyûḫ (Tunus Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvehhâb Ktp., nr. 18642), es-Südâsiyyât (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 73, vr. 11-21; Escurial Library, Mecmû, nr. 1800, vr. 89-99), Erbaʿûne ḥadîs̱en fî ḥaḳḳi’l-fuḳarâʾ (İskenderiye Ktp., Hadis, nr. 48), Terâcimü’l-Ebheriyyîn (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 73, vr. 132-137), Fevâʾidün ḥisân (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 26, vr. 245-260), İntiḫâbât min uṣûli Ebi’l-Ḥüseyn Aḥmed b. Muḥammed es-Seḳafî (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 113, vr. 12-21), İntiḫâbât min uṣûli kütübi Ebî ʿAbdillâh eṭ-Ṭaberî (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 55, vr. 73-80), el-Müselsel bi’l-evveliyye (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 85, vr. 133-140), Ḥadîs̱ü’l-muṣâfaḥa (nşr. Muhammed Ziyâd Tekile, Cemheretü’l-eczâʾi’l-ḥadîs̱iyye içinde, Riyad 1421), Müselselü’l-ʿîdeyn (Ḥadîs̱ü’l-ʿîdiyye el-müselsele; nşr. Muhammed b. Türkî et-Türkî, Riyad 1420/1999), Ḥadîs̱ü Laḳīt b. Âmir (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 357, vr. 58-65), Ḥadîs̱ü Şuʿbe ʿan Ḳatâde (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 259) ve Eḥâdîs̱ münteḳāt ʿavâlî (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmû, nr. 66, vr. 232-237) günümüze ulaşmıştır. Kaynaklarda adları zikredilen diğer eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır: Aḫbâru Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ el-Maʿarrî, Tercemetü Ebî Nuʿaym el-İṣfaḥânî, el-Fihrist, Muʿcemü şüyûḫi İṣfahân (es-Sefînetü’l-İṣfahâniyye), İntiḫâbât min uṣûli İbni’l-Ferrâʾ el-Mevṣılî, en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ, Muʿcemü nisâʾi’l-İṣfahâniyyât, el-İmlâʾât ʿalâ Muvaṭṭaʾi Mâlik, el-Münteḫab min Süneni’n-Nesâʾî, Meclisân fî fażli ʿÂşûrâʾ, İntiḫâbü Târîḫi Ṭrablus (eserleri için ayrıca bk. Silefî, eṭ-Ṭuyûriyyât, nşr. Desmân Yahyâ Meâlî – Abbas Sahr el-Hasan, neşredenlerin girişi, I, 100-133).
Silefî hakkında Muhammed Mahmûd Zeytûn müstakil bir çalışma yapmış, Hasan Abdülhamîd Sâlih ise bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Şîr Muhammed Zamân “Sources for Silafi’s Biography” (IS, XXIV/4 [1985], s. 493-502), “Silafi’s Biography: His Birth and Family Background” (a.g.e., XXV/1 [1986], s. 1-10) ve “Ḥāfiẓ Abū Ṭāhir Al-Silafī (d. 576/1180) Acquisition of Hadith and Qırâ’ât in Isfahan” (a.g.e., XXV/2 [1986], s. 151-160) başlıklı üç makale kaleme almış, özellikle Silefî’nin ailesi, İsfahan ve Bağdat’taki hayatıyla hocaları hakkında bilgi vermiştir. Ferhat Nesîm Hâşimî ve Muhammed İdrîs Zübeyr, “Abū Ṭāhir Al-Silafī: The Life and Works of a Muhaddith” adıyla kaleme aldıkları makalede (Hawliat Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiyyah Al-Alamiyyah, II [Islamabad 1994], s. 1-40) Silefî’nin hadisçiliği üzerinde durmuş ve eserlerini tanıtmışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 198-200 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.