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ŞUÛBİYYE Skip to content ŞUÛBİYYE Arap olmayan milletlerin Araplar’dan üstün olduğunu iddia eden siyasî, fikrî ve edebî hareket.
Müellif: Adem Apak
Sözlükte “topluluk, cemaat, halk ve millet” anlamına gelen şa‘b ın çoğulu şuûb dan türeyen şuûbiyye terim olarak İslâm’ı kabul eden Fars, Türk ve Berberî gibi milletlerin Araplar’dan üstün olduğunu savunan milliyetçilik akımını ifade eder. Bu düşünceyi benimseyenlere şuûbî denilir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de şuûb kelimesi milletler (kavimler) karşılığında kullanılmakta, bütün insanlığın tek bir insanlık ailesinden geldiği, milletler arasında bir üstünlük farkının bulunmadığı ve Allah katında üstünlüğün takvâya bağlı olduğu bildirilmektedir (el-Hucurât 49/13). Hz. Peygamber hem fiilî uygulamalarıyla hem de Vedâ hutbesinde Araplar’ın Arap olmayanlara, Arap olmayanların Araplar’a hiçbir üstünlüğünün bulunmadığını ilân etmek suretiyle (Müsned , V, 411) Câhiliye Arapları’ndaki ırkî üstünlük düşüncesinin izlerini silmek için büyük gayret göstermiştir.
Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ve Emevîler devrinde gerçekleşen fetihler sonucunda Farslar, Berberîler ve Türkler gibi farklı kültür ve inanca sahip milletler müslüman Araplar’ın hâkimiyeti altına girdi ve tamamına yakını Müslümanlığı benimsedi. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde Arap olmayan müslümanlara (mevâlî ) yönetim tarafından ırkları yüzünden herhangi bir ayırımcılık yapılmadı. Ancak zamanla Araplar arasında kendilerini diğer milletlerden üstün görme düşüncesi ortaya çıktı. Emevîler döneminde İslâmiyet’in ilkelerini yeterince algılayamamış olan ve Arap ırkçılığının tesirinde kalan bazı çevrelerde mevâlîyi hakir görme düşüncesi kökleşmiş bulunuyordu. Araplar’ın bu yaklaşımı özellikle İran asıllı mevâlînin asabiyet duygularını harekete geçirdi, onların geçmişten beri Araplar hakkında besledikleri husumeti daha güçlü bir hale getirdi.
Erken dönemden itibaren Emevî yönetiminin aleyhine dönen ve halifeliğin Hz. Ali evlâdının hakkı olduğu inancını benimseyen Fars asıllı müslümanlar, kendilerini Araplar’la eşit tuttuğunu bildiren Muhtâr es-Sekafî’nin isyanından itibaren Hz. Ali evlâdı adına başlatılan isyanların en önemli güç kaynağı oldular. Bunlar Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî’nin uyguladığı baskı sebebiyle İbnü’l-Eş‘as isyanına da yaklaşık 100.000 kişiyle katıldılar (82/701). Emevîler’in mevâlîye karşı ırkçı bir politika uygulaması, kendilerine ek vergiler yüklemesi ve fetihlere katıldıkları halde bazı bölgelerde askerî maaş divanına kaydetmemesi onların milliyetçilik duygularını tahrik etti. Emevîler’i yıkıp Araplar’la eşit haklara sahip olmak amacıyla Horasan’da Hâris b. Süreyc isyanına yoğun destek verdiler. Zeyd b. Ali’nin Kûfe’de çıkardığı isyana katıldılar ve Emevîler’i ortadan kaldıran Abbâsî ihtilâl hareketine damgalarını vurdular. Kuzey Afrika’da ve Endülüs’teki Berberî asıllı mevâlî de ikinci plana itilme ve haksız uygulamalara mâruz kalma iddiasıyla isyanlar çıkardılar.
Öte yandan başta İran asıllılar olmak üzere gayri Arap unsurlar arasında Arap olmayanların Araplar’dan daha üstün olduğu düşüncesi (Şuûbiyye) ortaya çıktı. Emevîler’in son yıllarında görülmeye başladığı kabul edilen Şuûbiyye’nin ilk faaliyeti olarak İranlı şair İsmâil b. Yesâr’ın Emevî Halifesi Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’in huzurunda kendi kavmi Farslar’ın şan ve şöhretlerini dile getiren bir kaside okuması gösterilir (Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, IV, 422-423). II. Velîd’in şairi Sakīf kabilesinin mevlâsı Yezîd b. Dabbe de Şuûbiyye’den sayılır. Bir tepki hareketi şeklinde ortaya çıkan Şuûbiyye başlangıçta Araplar dışındaki milletlerin Araplar’la eşitliği fikrini savunuyordu. Bu sebeple “ehlü’t-tesviye” (eşitlikçi) adı verilen hareketin mensupları, görüşlerini desteklemek için Allah katında üstünlüğün ancak takvâda olduğunu bildiren âyete ve hadislere (el-Bakara 2/213; el-Hucurât 49/13; et-Tekâsür 102/1-8; Buhârî, “Menâḳıb”, 8, “Cenâʾiz”, 39; Müslim, “İmâre”, 57) atıfta bulunuyorlardı.
Şuûbiyye’nin siyasî, fikrî ve edebî bir hareket şeklinde kurumsallaşması, başta İranlı unsurlar olmak üzere mevâlînin devlet yönetiminde etkinlik kazandığı Abbâsîler zamanında gerçekleşti. Şuûbiyye mensupları o zamana kadar savundukları adalet ve eşitlik prensiplerini bir tarafa bırakmak suretiyle diğer milletlerin Araplar’dan daha üstün olduğunu ileri sürdüler. Bu hareket giderek Araplar’a her türlü olumsuz sıfatı yakıştıran, Arap ırkını dünya kavimlerinin en âdisi sayan bir fırka haline geldi. Bunun bir neticesi olarak Araplar’ı kötülerken İslâmiyet’e saldırmaktan çekinmeyen çok mutaassıp kimseler ortaya çıktı.
Gittikçe güçlenen Şuûbiyye hareketi Me’mûn ve Mu‘tasım-Billâh devirlerinde her yönüyle zirveye ulaştı (Ahmed Emîn, I, 63). Abbâsîler’in ilk asrı, Araplar ve taraftarları ile Şuûbiyye mensupları arasında her alanda şiddetli mücadelelere sahne oldu. Zamanla ilmî bir yön kazanan Şuûbiyye fikrî mücadelesini daha sonraki süreçte de belli ölçüde devam ettirdi. Şuûbiyye teriminin fikrî ve edebî bir akım anlamında Abbâsîler’in ilk asrında kullanılmaya başlandığı kabul edilir. Şuûbiyye’nin özel bir fırka mânasında zikredildiği ilk eser tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla Câhiz’in el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn’idir (II, 19). Daha sonra İbn Kuteybe, Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî ve İbn Abdürabbih gibi müellifler Şuûbiyye terimini bilinen anlamıyla kullanmışlardır.
Şuûbiyye hareketi Doğu İslâm dünyasında yayıldığı gibi Suriye, Mısır, Kuzey Afrika ve Endülüs’te de kendini gösterdi. Hareketin kuvvet kazandığı yerler özellikle Irak, Horasan ve Endülüs’tür. Esas gücünü Araplar’la ilk hesaplaşmaya giren Fars asıllı şair ve edipler teşkil etmekle birlikte Rum, Türk, Süryânî, Nabatî, Kıptî, Berberî, İspanyol ve Slav kökenli edip ve âlimler de bu hareketin içinde yer aldı. Bunların söz, şiir ve yazılarıyla Şuûbî edebiyat diye isimlendirilebilecek bir kültür birikimi meydana geldi. Beşşâr b. Bürd, Ebû Nüvâs, Hureymî, Di‘bil, Ebân b. Abdülhamîd, Ebû İshak el-Mütevekkil ile Mihyâr ed-Deylemî gibi şairler Abbâsîler dönemindeki Şuûbîler’dendir. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Allân el-Verrâk, Heysem b. Adî, Sehl b. Hârûn, Saîd b. Humeyd b. Bahtigân, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ceyhânî ve İshak b. Seleme gibi ilim adamları da bu harekete katıldılar. Bu şairler ve müellifler, gerek şiirlerinde gerekse eserlerinde kendi etnik kökenlerini övmelerinin yanı sıra Araplar’ın soy ve davranış kusurlarını da dile getirdiler ve ağır bir dille hicvettiler. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Araplar’ın kusurlarına ve neseplerine dair yazdığı eserlerle Şuûbiyye hareketinin Araplar’a yönelttiği eleştiriler için bilimsel doküman ve malzeme hazırladı. Di‘bil, başta Hârûnürreşîd olmak üzere iyiliğini görüp övdüğü kişileri daha sonra ağır biçimde hicvetti. Dîkülcin, Arap ırkçılığını eleştirerek Suriyeli hemşerilerini Araplar’a karşı savundu.
Hareketin mensupları Arap olmayan milletlerin tarihlerindeki parlak olay ve kişilerden yola çıkarak Araplar’a karşı övünme yarışına giriştiler. Bu amaçla etnik bakımdan tamamı Araplar dışındaki milletlerden çıkan nemrutları, kisrâları, kayserleri, Hint hükümdarlarını Araplar’a karşı övünme sebebi olarak gördüler; hatta daha da ileri gidip Hz. Hûd, Sâlih, İsmâil ve Hz. Muhammed dışındaki bütün peygamberlerin Arap asıllı olmadığını iddia etmek suretiyle Araplar’la nübüvvet konusunda da rekabete girdiler. Farslar’ın ve Rumlar gibi milletlerin köklü medeniyetlere sahip oldukları zamanlarda Araplar’ın medeniyetten yoksun, aç ve sefil durumda derin bir vahşet içinde yaşayan kabileler halinde bulunduğunu, o dönemde övünebilecek tek şeylerinin şiir olmasına karşılık felsefe, astronomi, ipek işçiliği gibi bilim ve sanatların, çeşitli oyunların ve birçok icadın insanlığa Arap olmayanlar tarafından kazandırıldığını söylediler (İbn Abdürabbih, III, 403-405).
Nihayet Şuûbiyye mensuplarının Araplar’ı kötülemek için yazdıkları eserlere (mesâlib) karşı Araplar arasında ciddi tepkiler meydana geldi. Şuûbîler’e cevap niteliğinde şiirler yazıldı ve eserler kaleme alındı. Bu yeni hareketin temsilcisi olarak Ebû Hâlid Yezîd b. Muhammed, Muhammed b. Yezîd el-Hısnî, Ebü’l-Esed Nübâte, Ebû Sa‘d el-Mahzûmî gibi şairler Arapçılık savunması yapmaya başladılar. Araplar adına Şuûbiyye’ye en ciddi itirazlar Câhiz, İbn Kuteybe, Ebû Abdullah el-Cehmî ve Belâzürî gibi ilim adamlarından geldi. Bunların arasında en fazla öne çıkan ise Şuûbiyye taraftarlarının övünmelerine övünme, düşmanlıklarına düşmanlıkla karşılık veren Câhiz’dir. Câhiz, bu husustaki görüşlerini bilhassa el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn ile (II, 19-21, 37-44; III, 35-64) Kitâbü’l-Buḫalâʾ (s. 30-37) adlı eserlerinde dile getirdi. İbn Kuteybe, Fażlü’l-ʿArab adlı eserinde Şuûbiyye, Cehmiyye ve Müşebbihe’ye karşı giriştiği mücadelede başarı sağladı. Kur’an ve Sünnet’teki hükümlere bağlı olarak İslâm âlimlerinin ırkçı eğilimlerle mücadelesi her devirde hâkim bir çizgi oluşturdu.
Endülüs’te IX. yüzyıl boyunca ve X. yüzyılın ilk yarısında görülen etnik çatışmalar Şuûbiyye cereyanı şeklinde ortaya çıktı ve giderek yaygınlaştı. Bask asıllı edip ve şair İbn Garsiyye, Endülüs’te Şuûbiyye hareketinin muhtemelen ilk edebî ürünü olan Risâletü tafżîli’l-ʿacem ʿale’l-ʿArab (Risâletü’ş-Şuʿûbiyye) adlı meşhur eserinde Araplar’ın kusur ve ayıplarını, Rum ve Slavlar’ın fazilet ve meziyetlerini edebî sanatlar ve etkili bir üslûpla ortaya koymaya çalıştı. İbn Garsiyye gerek çağdaşları arasında gerekse daha sonraki edebî ve fikrî çevrelerde derin izler bıraktı ve eseri için çok sayıda reddiye kaleme alındı (bk. DİA , XIX, 504). Öte yandan Fas’ta Muhammed b. Ahmed Meyyâre, Araplar’ın diğer ırklardan üstün olduğu fikrini reddetmek amacıyla Naṣîhatü’l-muġterrîn ve kifâyetü’l-mużtarrîn fi’t-tefrîḳ beyne’l-müslimîn adıyla bir eser yazdı. Daha sonra es-Seyfü’s-sârim adlı kitabında İbn Zekrî el-Fâsî de ırkların eşitliği ve üstünlüğünün takvâ ile olduğu fikrini savundu. Ancak bazı âlimler bu eseri dolayısıyla İbn Zekrî’yi Şuûbiyye hareketi çizgisinde değerlendirdi ve onun etrafındaki tartışmalar vefatından sonra da uzun süre devam etti (bk. İBN ZEKRÎ el-FÂSÎ ).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 244-246 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 26.05.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.