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TALİŞ HANLIĞI Skip to content Azerbaycan’da XVIII. yüzyılda kurulan bir hanlık.
1736 yılında Azerbaycan’ın güneydoğusunda (günümüzde İran sınırları içinde) Taliş dağları, Hazar denizi ve Mugan çölü arasında kurulmuş olup Gîlân, Erdebil, Karadağ, Cevad hanlıkları ve Salyan Sultanlığı ile sınırdaştı. Hanlığın başşehri önce Astara, daha sonra Lenkeran oldu. Bu sebeple Lenkeran Hanlığı diye de bilinir. Taliş bölgesinin adı İskender efsanesinin Ermenice bir çevirisinde geçmektedir. Talişan ise (Taliş’in Farsça çoğulu) Hazar’ın güneybatısını ifade eder. Taliş adının Kadus olduğu da belirtilmektedir. Bunlar eski devirlerde İran’ın kuzey bölgelerinde oturan kalabalık bir topluluktur ve tarihte Kaduşlar diye zikredilirler. Bazı araştırmacılar Talişler’in Türk soyundan geldiğini iddia etmektedir. Talişler ise kendilerinin Cengiz Han’ın Taliş adındaki kumandanı tarafından bu bölgeye getirildiklerine inanmaktadır. Talişler esas olarak Gürgenrûd, Esâlim, Taliş-Dolab ve Masal’da (Mâsûle/Masal-Şandarman) yaşarlar. Taliş, Tavâliş, Talişan olarak adlandırılan bu kesim tarihî dönemlerde Gîlân, Deylem, Deyleman adı altında Azerbaycan’da idarî bir bölgeydi. Bundan dolayı Taliş adı hem bir etnik grubun hem de bu grubun yaşadığı coğrafyanın ismi olmuştur. Arasbarân bölgesi de kısmen Taliş bölgesine girer. Taliş topraklarının bir bölümü Azerbaycan sınırları içinde kalmaktadır. Arapça kaynaklarında burası Taylasan diye anılır, ayrıca Talişler’in Gürgen idarî bölgesinde yaşadıkları belirtilir. Talişler ise kendilerine Tolış derler.
Talişler, Türk-Safevî Devleti’ni kuran Kızılbaş kabile birliğine katılan tek Farsça konuşan halktır. Bu tercihleriyle siyasal, sosyal ve özellikle ekonomik yönden komşu bölge halklarına üstünlük sağlamışlardır. Ruslar’ın güçlenmesinden sonra 1722 Kafkas seferinin ardından Taliş bölgesi Ruslar’ın eline geçti, ancak 1732’de Ruslar’la Safevîler arasında yapılan Reşt Antlaşması ile yeniden Safevî yönetimine girdi. Nâdir Şah döneminde (1736-1747) Taliş Hanlığı’nda Safevî neslinden olan Erdebilli Seyyid Abbas güçlenmeye başladı. İran’da baş gösteren karışıklıklar esnasında Seyyid Abbas, Lenkeran’a gitti, Nâdir Şah’ın hâkimiyetini tanıdı, Nâdir Şah da onu resmî bir fermanla Taliş hanı ilân etti. Seyyid Abbas’ın oğlu Cemal’i (Kara Han) onun hizmetine gönderdi. Taliş o sıralarda Ucarud, Deştend ve Uluf mahallelerinden meydana gelmekteydi. Nâdir Şah’ın ölümünden sonra Şeki, Bakı, Kuba, Şirvan, Karabağ, Gence, Taliş hanları ve Ilısu Sultanlığı bağımsızlıklarını ilân ederek İran ve Rusya karşısında Osmanlı Devleti’nden yardım almaya çalıştılar. Seyyid Abbas Han’ın ölümünün ardından oğlu Cemal 1747’de VI. Cemâleddin Mirza Bey unvanıyla hanlığın başına geçti ve daha çok Kara Han olarak tanındı. Onun devrinde hanlık siyasal ve ekonomik gelişme kaydetti ve dâimî ordu teşkil edildi. Ayrıca Safevî saldırılarından korunmak amacıyla hanlığın merkezi Lenkeran’a taşındı, şehir kale duvarlarıyla çevrildiği gibi buraya kültürel ve ticarî bir hüviyet kazandırılmaya çalışıldı. O dönemde Lenkeran merkezli hanlık Esâlim, Gürgenrûd, Astara, Vilgic, Zuvand, Çayiçi, Lenkeran, Diriği, Uluf, Destvend (Erkivan) Uçarud ve Muğam olmak üzere on bir mahalleden oluşuyordu, hanlığın nüfusu da 15.502 kişiden ibaretti (Memmedova, VII, 102-104). Kara Han dış siyasette Rusya’ya meyletti, bu da İran taraftarı bazı hanları ve özellikle Gîlânlı Hidâyet Han’ı rahatsız ediyordu. 1768’de Hidâyet Han 12.000 kişilik bir orduyla Taliş’e girdi. Şindan Kalesi’ne çekilen Kara Han bir süre mukavemet ettiyse de sonunda teslim oldu. Hidâyet Han onu fidye karşılığında serbest bıraktı. Ardından Kara Han, Gîlân tehlikesine karşı yardım almak için Kuba hanına elçi gönderdi ve Kuba Hanı Feth Ali Han’la iş birliği yapmaya başladı. Ancak 1785 yılına gelindiğinde Kara Han, Kuba hanının vasalı konumuna düştü. Feth Ali Han’ın ölümünden sonra Lenkeran hanları bağımsız bir siyaset izlemeye başladı. Kara Han’ın vefatını müteakip 1786’da oğlu Mîr Mustafa han oldu. İran’da Kaçarlar’ın hâkimiyeti ele alması ve Ağa Muhammed Şah’ın etkinliğini arttırması askerî bakımdan zayıf olan hanlık için büyük tehlike teşkil etmekteydi. Ağa Muhammed Şah’ın hanlığın işlerine müdahale etmesi üzerine Taliş hanı da karşı strateji olarak Ağa Muhammed’in kardeşi Murtaza Kulı Han’ı Kuba hanıyla birlikte destekledi. Ancak Ağa Muhammed’in iç mücadeleden güçlenerek çıkması üzerine 1792’de Mîr Mustafa Han, Rus Generali Gudoviç’e elçi gönderdi ve Petersburg’la diplomatik ilişki kurmaya çalıştı (a.g.e. , VII, 105-106).
İran’la olan mücadele daha sonraki yıllarda da sürdü ve Ağa Muhammed Şah’ın 1795’te Taliş’e hücumunun arefesinde Mîr Mustafa Han, Rusya’ya meyilli Âzerî hanlarına mektup yazarak onları İran’a karşı birlikte mücadele etmeye çağırdı, Ağa Muhammed Şah’ın 1795 yılında Taliş’e saldırısı üzerine de Sarı Ada’ya çekildi, İran ordusunun dönüşünden sonra Taliş’e geldi. Yeni bir İran saldırısından korktuğu için 1795 Eylülünde Kafkasya’daki Gudoviç’e, ekimde de Petersburg’a heyet gönderip Ruslar’dan himaye istedi. Petersburg’a giden Kerbelâlı Esedullah Bey, 12 Mart 1796 tarihinde II. Katerina’ya Mîr Mustafa Han’ın himaye isteğine dair mektubunu sundu. Bu arada yeni İran Şahı Feth Ali Şah (Baba Han), Kafkas hanlarına gönderdiği bir fermanda hanların kendine tâbi olmasını istedi. Mîr Mustafa Han da Eylül 1797’de kendine tâbi olan hanlardan biri gibi göründü (a.g.e. , VII, 107-108). Ancak Ruslar’dan yardım isteğini sürdürdü ve 26 Aralık 1802’de imzalanan Georgievsk Antlaşması ile tamamen Rus himayesine girdi. 1803’te Şamahı Hanı Mustafa Han’ın saldırısını önceden haber alarak onu püskürtmeyi başaran Mîr Mustafa Han 1804-1813 Rus-İran savaşının başlangıcında İran yanlısı bir politika izledi ve 1806’da General Tsitsianov’un Bakü’de öldürülmesinden sonra Bakü Hanı Hüseyin Kulu Han’a himaye imkânı sağladı. Fakat İran birlikleri 1809 Eylül ayında Lenkeran’ı yağmaladı. 1812 Ağustosunda İran ordusunun Taliş topraklarını ele geçirmesi Mîr Mustafa Han’ı yeniden Ruslar’a yakınlaştırdı ve Ruslar’la birlikte Gamişavan’a çekildi. İranlılar burada Erkivan, Astara ve Lenkeran’da kaleler yaptı. Ardından Katleyarevski kumandasındaki Ruslar, Erkivan’ı ve 1 Ocak 1813’te Lenkeran’ı aldı; Kaçarlar’ın Ruslar’la yaptığı Gülistan Antlaşması ile Taliş Hanlığı’nın büyük kısmı Ruslar’ın eline geçti. Mîr Mustafa Han 1814 yılı Temmuzunda öldü. Yerine büyük oğlu Mîr Hasan Han geçti. Mîr Hasan Han, 1826’da topraklarının üçte ikisine Ruslar’ca el konulması üzerine kaçarak İran’a sığındı.
1826-1828 Kaçar-Rus savaşı esnasında Mîr Hasan, Abbas Mirza ile birlikte hareket ederek Ruslar’ın Lenkeran’dan çekilmesini sağladı. Ancak hanlık 1826’da ilga edildi, İran birlikleri de 1827’de buradan ayrıldı. 22 Şubat 1828’de imzalanan Türkmençay Antlaşması’nın 4. maddesine göre Lenkeran Hanlığı Ruslar’da kaldı. Hasan Han ise iki devletin uzlaşmasına razı olmadığından direniş göstermeye çalıştıysa da anlaşma gereği İran’a teslim edildi ve hapse atıldı. Daha sonra İran’dan kaçarak 5 Mart 1831’de Astara’ya gitti. Buradan Lenkeran’a geçti ve halkın da katıldığı isyan neticesinde 27 Mart’ta Lenkeran’ı ele geçirdiyse de 31 Mart’ta terketmek zorunda kaldı. Ardından Kaçarlar’a teslim oldu ve Feth Ali Şah tarafından zehirletilerek öldürüldü.
Bugünkü Taliş’in merkezi 1955’te kurulan Tavâliş (Haşaber) şehridir. Haziran 1993’te Krem Hambataov, Lenkeran bölgesinde halkı isyana davet etti, Taliş-Mugan Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulduğunu ve halkın % 10’unu temsil ettiğini bildirdi. Bu isyan girişimi bastırılınca 24 Ağustos 1993’te Hambataov kaçtıysa da daha sonra yakalandı, ardından hapishaneden kaçarak Moskova’ya gitti. Taliş/Lenkeran Hanlığı’nın ekonomisinde ziraat, özellikle de çeltik, arıcılık, ipek ve hayvancılık önemli yer tutmaktaydı. Lenkeran’da dokuz han, üç cami, Div, Kız, Dager ve Ramağaç kaleleri vardı. Gilekçe’ye yakın olan Talişçe, İran’da konuşulan Ârî dillerinin kuzeybatı koluna bağlıdır ve İran’la Azerbaycan’da yaklaşık 200-250.000 kişi tarafından konuşulmaktadır. Talişler’in nüfusuyla ilgili olarak tesbit edilebilen veriler 1922 yılıyla başlamaktadır. O yıl Azerbaycan’daki Talişler’in sayısı 75.824’tü. 1926’da bu sayı 77.300’e ve 1939’da 87.500’e yükseldi. Fakat 1959’da ana dili Talişçe olarak zikredilenlerin sayısı 10.500 kişi kadardı. Bunlar 1970 ve 1979 sayımlarında Sovyetler’deki halklar listesinden çıkarılmışlardır. 1989’da Talişler’in nüfusu 21.200, 1999 yılında ise 76.800 olarak belirtildi. Bazılarına göre Talişler’in nüfusu Azerbaycan’da bugün 200-250.000 civarındadır. Talişler’in yaşadığı bir diğer ülke ise İran’dır. 1978’de bu ülkede yaklaşık 90.000 Talişli yaşamaktaydı. Günümüzde bu sayının daha fazla olduğu tahmin edilebilir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 577-578 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.