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TEBRİZ Skip to content İran’da Doğu Azerbaycan eyaletinin merkezi olan şehir.
İran’ın kuzeybatısında deniz seviyesinden 1350 m. yükseklikte kurulmuştur. Güneyinde bulunan Sehend dağının (3710 m.) kuzey eteklerinde geniş bir düzlükte yayılır. Urmiye gölüne ulaşan Acıçay’ın (Sefîdrûd) kollarından Mihrânrûd şehrin içinden geçer. Tebriz’in adı Arap ve Fars kaynaklarında Tibrîz, Bizans kaynaklarında Thavrēž/Thavrēş/Tabrezion, Ermeni kaynaklarında Thavrēž/Davrēž (sıcak akış) şeklinde geçer. Moğollar şehre Tevris, Âzerî Türkleri ve Osmanlılar Tebriz, Pehlevîler Tovriz (dökülmek/akmak) derler. Batı kaynaklarında Tauris diye anılır. Evliya Çelebi kelimenin mânasını Farsça “teb-rîz” (sıtma dökücü) terkibine bağlar; Minorsky, Sehend’in volkanik özelliğiyle ilişkilendirerek “hararet döken, saçan” anlamını verir. Bazı araştırmacılar ise adının Hazar Türkleri’nin Tavr boyundan geldiğini ileri sürer. Tebriz yöresi Eskiçağ’lardan itibaren bir yerleşme alanıdır. Şehrin yakınlarındaki Yanıktepe’de Neolitik dönemle ilgili (m.ö. 6000) kalıntılar bulunmuştur. Ancak ne zaman ve nasıl kurulduğu bilinmemektedir. Asur Kralı II. Sargon’a ait (m.ö. 722-705) tabletlerde Manna’nın hâkimiyetinde olan şimdiki Tebriz’in bulunduğu topraklarda Tarmakisa adlı, ambarı arpayla dolu bir kaleden bahsedilir. Bizanslı Faustus’un (IV. yüzyıl) kayıtlarından Thavrēž’in Sâsânî Şahı II. Şâpûr (309-379) tarafından ordugâh olarak kurulduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Tebriz ve çevresi Halife Ömer döneminde 21 (642) yılında Mugīre b. Şu‘be tarafından İslâm topraklarına katıldı. 112’de (730) Emevî kumandanı Cerrâh b. Abdullah’ı yenen Hazar Türkleri’nin eline geçtiyse de Saîd b. Amr el-Haraşî burayı geri aldı. Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr zamanında (754-775) Basra’dan bazı Arap kabilelerinin yerleştirildiği Tebriz, Hârûnürreşîd devrinde imar edilip etrafı surla çevrilince (175/791) önemi arttı ve bir müddet Sâcoğulları’nın hâkimiyetinde kaldı (890-929). Abbâsî Halifesi Mütevekkil-Alellah döneminden (847-861) itibaren zaman zaman şehre hâkim olan Revvâdîler, Abbâsîler’in zayıflamasıyla 373-446 (984-1054) yılları arasında bir süre başşehir yaptıkları Tebriz’i bağımsız şekilde yönettiler. Arap coğrafyacıları bu dönemde Tebriz’den surları ve camileri bulunan, ticareti gelişmiş güzel bir şehir diye bahseder. Tebriz, Revvâdî Emîri Ebû Mansûr ve bazı mahallî hükümdarlarla birlikte Azerbaycan’a gelen Sultan Tuğrul Bey’e itaatini bildirdi ve Selçuklu hâkimiyetine girdi (446/1054). 451’de (1059) Revvâdîler’den Ebû Nasr Memlân’ın isyanı yüzünden ertesi yıl Tebriz’i kuşatan Tuğrul Bey başarılı olamadıysa da 454’te (1062) şehri yeniden Selçuklu topraklarına kattı. Sultan Berkyaruk ile Muhammed Tapar kardeşler arasındaki anlaşmaya göre Muhammed’e kalan Tebriz, özellikle Irak Selçukluları zamanında (1118-1194) dönemin en önemli yerleşim merkezlerinin başında geliyordu. Bir süre Ahmedîlîler’in hâkimiyetine giren Tebriz’i barış yoluyla alan İldenizli atabeglerinden Pehlivan şehri kardeşi Kızılarslan’a verdi (570/1174) (İbnü’l-Esîr, XI, 339), o da burayı Azerbaycan’ın merkezi haline getirdi (581/1186). Tebriz’de büyük bir saray yaptıran İldenizli Atabegi Özbek, Celâleddin Hârizmşah’ın Tebriz’e doğru ilerlediğini haber alınca şehrin idaresini hanımı, Irak Selçuklu Sultanı II. Tuğrul’un kızı Melike Hatun’a bırakıp Gence’ye çekildi. Bir engelle karşılaşmadan Tebriz’e giren Celâleddin şehre hâkim oldu (17 Receb 622/25 Temmuz 1225) ve bölgede egemenliğini kurduktan sonra burayı merkez edindi; Azerbaycan, Kirman, İran ve Irâk-ı Acem’de hüküm sürdü. 628 (1231) yılında Moğol işgaline uğrayan Tebriz’i Argun Han askerî faaliyetleri için merkez yaptı ve Hülâgû’nun 1256’da gelişiyle Hülâgû Han tahtı diye nitelendirildi; idarî-siyasî merkez oldu. Abaka Han’ın İlhanlı başşehri yaptığı Tebriz en parlak günlerini şehri imar eden Gāzân Han devrinde (1295-1304) yaşadı. İlhanlılar’ın ardından Çobanlı, Altın Orda, Muzafferîler ve Celâyirliler’in hâkimiyetine girdi. 1386’da Tebriz’i savaşsız ele geçiren Timur şehrin idaresini ertesi yıl oğlu Mîrân Şah’a, 1404’te torunu Ömer’e verdi. Şehir, 1408’de Timurlu Ebû Bekir Mirza’nın ve 1410’da Ahmed Celâyir’i yenen Karakoyunlu Yûsuf’un eline geçti. Timurlu Şâhruh üç defa zaptettiği Tebriz’i 1436’da Karakoyunlu Cihan Şah’a bıraktı. 1469’da Uzun Hasan, Tebriz’i Akkoyunlular’ın başşehri yaptı. Ortaçağ’da Tebrîzî nisbesiyle anılan birçok âlim yetişmiştir (Sem‘ânî, III, 21).
1502’de Şah İsmâil tarafından Safevî başşehri yapılan Tebriz 16 Receb 920’de (6 Eylül 1514) Yavuz Sultan Selim tarafından Osmanlı hâkimiyetine alındı. Şehirde bir hafta kalan padişah halkın ileri gelenlerini, bazı sanatkâr ve âlimleri aileleriyle birlikte İstanbul’a göç ettirdi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde yeniden başlayan savaşlar sırasında Osmanlılar 25 Muharrem 941’de (6 Ağustos 1534) tekrar buraya girdiler. Bağdat’ı aldıktan sonra ikinci defa Tebriz’e hâkim oldularsa da hemen ardından şehri boşalttılar. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman 955’te (1548) ikinci İran seferi esnasında Tebriz’de kontrolü tekrar eline geçirdi, fakat yine burada çok kısa süre kalabildi (Temmuz-Ağustos 1548). Osmanlılar’ın Tebriz’de en uzun süreli egemenliği 1578-1590 Osmanlı-Safevî mücadelesi döneminde gerçekleşti. Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa 30 Ramazan 993’te (25 Eylül 1585) şehri ele geçirdi ve burayı yeni surlarla takviye etti. Câfer Paşa Tebriz valiliğine getirildi. Şah I. Abbas 1596’da başşehri Tebriz’den İsfahan’a nakletti. Osmanlılar 21 Ekim 1603 tarihine kadar Tebriz’i kontrolleri altında tuttular. Bu tarihte Şah I. Abbas şehri yeniden zaptedince mevcut Osmanlı eserlerini hiçbir iz kalmayacak şekilde yıktırdı. Bundan sonra Tebriz birkaç defa Osmanlı güçlerince kuşatıldıysa da alınamadı. Kayserili Halil Paşa 1618’de kısa bir süre için şehre hâkim oldu. Aynı şekilde IV. Murad 1045’te (1635) girdiği boşaltılmış şehri tahrip ettirdi. 1639 Kasrışîrin Antlaşması’yla Safevîler’in elinde kalan Tebriz, Safevîler’in son zamanlarında Ruslar’ın Azerbaycan’ı işgalini önlemek için Köprülüzâde Abdullah Paşa tarafından tekrar zaptedildi (17 Zilkade 1137/28 Temmuz 1725). 1730’da Afşar Nâdir Han şehri geri aldı. Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa’nın 15 Cemâziyelevvel 1144’te (15 Kasım 1731) yeniden ele geçirdiği şehir 1736 antlaşmasıyla İran’a bırakıldı. XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren Osmanlı politikası Azerbaycan’da tam hâkimiyet kurup yerleşmek olduğundan 1593 ve 1728 yıllarında Tebriz’in iki defa tahriri yapıldı (BA, TD, nr. 645, 668, 904, 908). Ayrıca Osman Paşa, Tebriz’de Azerbaycan’ı ilhak ettiğini ve halkın Osmanlı vatandaşı sayıldığını ilân etti; yöneticilerden halka zulmedenlerin cezalandırılacağını bildirdi. III. Murad Tebrizliler’e istimâletnâmeler gönderdi (BA, MD, nr. 61, s. 117-118; nr. 62, s. 5; nr. 71, s. 55, 63; nr. 73, s. 10-11, 26, 511). 1747’de Dünbülîler şehri ele geçirip Tebriz-Hoy Hanlığı’nı kurdular. 1790’da Ağa Muhammed tarafından Kaçar hâkimiyetine alınan Tebriz, Ekim 1827’de Rus işgaline uğradıysa da Türkmençay Antlaşması’yla geri alındı (Şubat 1828).
Tebriz XX. yüzyılın başlarında İran’ın siyasî hayatında önemli rol oynadı. Tebrizli aydınların baskısıyla Muzafferüddin Şah meşrutiyet ilân etti (1906). Yerine geçen Muhammed Ali Şah meşrutiyete son vermek isteyince Tebrizliler ayaklandı. Sadrazam Aynüddevle Haziran 1908’de kuşattığı şehre giremedi. Direniş yüzünden Muhammed Ali Şah tahttan indirildi ve ikinci defa meşrutiyet ilân edildi (1909). Ancak şahı destekleyen Ruslar, Şubat 1909’da Tebriz’i işgal ederek Sikatülislâm gibi birçok kişiyi idam ettiler. Enver Paşa’nın Kafkas harekâtı sırasında boşalttıkları şehri 1915’te yeniden işgal eden Ruslar Şubat 1918’de buradan ayrıldılar. Bu sırada İngilizler Tebriz’i almak isteyince Kâzım Karabekir 11. Tümen’i Tebriz’e sevketti (16 Ağustos 1918), 2 Eylül’de şehre geldi ve 5 Eylül’de İngilizler’i püskürttü; Ekim 1918’de az bir kuvvet bırakıp çekildi. 26 Şubat 1921’de yapılan İran-Rus antlaşmasıyla İran’a bırakılan Tebriz 26 Ağustos 1941’de Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği’nin işgaline uğradı. Tebrizli aydınlar, Sovyet ve İran baskılarına karşı özerklik isteyen Fırka-i Demokrât-ı Âzerbaycân’ı kurdular. Partinin gayretleriyle 12 Aralık 1945’te Azerbaycan Millî Meclisi açıldı ve Seyyid Câfer Pîşeverî başkanlığında Azerbaycan Millî Hükümeti kuruldu. 14 Haziran 1946’da İran hükümetiyle Âzerîler’in haklarını garanti altına alan bir antlaşma yapıldıysa da İran hükümet kuvvetleri Aralık 1946’da Tebriz’e girerek Azerbaycan Özerk Cumhuriyeti’ni ortadan kaldırdı. Ardından birçok sosyal olayın yaşandığı Tebriz tahribata uğradı; durumun sakinleşmesiyle daha sonra ülkenin ikinci büyük şehri haline geldi.
Fizikî, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yapı. Tebriz, Revvâdîler’in geliştirdiği eski şehirden çeşitli kurumların bulunduğu güneybatıdaki Şenbigāzân’a doğru yayılma gösterdi. Gāzân Han, Kûhivâliyân ve Sencerân semtlerini surların içine alıp şehri büyüttü. İlhanlı devlet adamı, âlim ve tarihçi Reşîdüddin’in Vâliyân’da yaptırdığı binalar Rab‘ı-reşîdî mahallesini oluşturdu. Böylece şehir dinî, idarî ve ticarî binalar etrafında gelişerek XV. yüzyılda elips biçiminde bir yapı kazandı. Hârûnürreşîd’in temelini attığı Tebriz Kalesi Revvâdîler, Gāzân Han, İbrâhim Paşa, Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa, Abdullah Paşa ve Dünbülî tarafından genişletildi. Gāzân Han’ın inşa ettirdiği sur 25.000 kadem ölçüsünde olup Vâliyân tepesini çember içerisine alıyordu. Özdemiroğlu’nun Hıyâban’da yaptırdığı iç kalenin etrafı 12.700 arşın, hendekli ve 300 kuleliydi. I. Abbas, Rab‘ıreşîdî’de yeni bir kale yaptırdı. Abdullah Paşa da mimar Bekir Ağa’ya 1000 zirâ uzunluğunda, 800 zirâ genişliğinde başka bir kale inşa ettirdi. Necef Kulı’nın onarttığı iç kale 1825’te Abbas Mirza tarafından hendekle çevrildi. Surların XIV-XVII. yüzyıllar arasında Ûcân, Eher, Şirvan/Servan, Serdrûd, Şam-Gāzân, Serevrûd adlı altı kapısı vardı. 1728’de ise Dervâze-i Dîk ve Dervâze-i Serd adlı iki kapısı bulunuyordu.
XIV-XVIII. yüzyıllarda isimleri hemen hemen aynı kalan mahallelerden Müstevfî on bir, Hasan-ı Rûmlû dokuz, Evliya Çelebi on dört mahallenin adını verir. 1728 tarihli Osmanlı Tahrir Defteri’nde mahalleler, ana sokaklar, tâli sokaklar şeklinde bir kayıt sistemiyle Nâvbâr, Hıyâban (Şah Safî, Bâlâ, Köprü, Hacı Ahmed, Kayas, Debeze, Badala, Eştukin, Dumaşga, İmâdiye, Hazay), Dervâze-i Dîk (İmâret-i Reşîdiyye, Bâğmeşe, Sebâyan), Şeşgilân, Toluseng, Surhâb, Üçağaç, Miyarmiyar (Laylâbâd), Deveci (Şüturbân), Sencerân (Emîrgız, Bağ), Vicuyu (Direce Mirza Ali, Yayuhçı, Sancaksuyu, Yurtlar, Direci-çukur, Hükmâbâd/Soğanlı, Kadıyar, Ahî, Berciyâr, Erdekib, Mara, Hamuvade, Direci-Melik, Yenice, Kasır Kutlukşah), Çâr-minâr ve Dervâze-i Serd (Zehrabbeğ, Cadıcış, Karaağaçır, Gencan, Şahâbâd, Şahkulu deresi, Hatip, Şenbigāzân) isimli on üç mahalle ve bunların sokakları kaydedilmiştir. Vicuyu yüzölçümü, Serd nüfusu (1520 hâne) en büyük mahallelerdi. Yahudiler Surhâb, hıristiyanlar Miyâr ve Serd’in farklı sokaklarında müslümanlarla birlikte yaşıyordu. Nâvbâr, Vicuyu, Şeşgilân ve Deveci’ye varlıklı, Bâğmeşe, Debbâğlar ve Sencerân’a orta halli ve yoksul insanlar yerleşmişti. XIV-XIX. yüzyıllar arasında taş veya topraktan ağaçlı sokakları, şehrin merkezi konumundaki Sâhibâbâd (Şah Safî) ve Saâdetâbâd adlı iki meydana ulaşırdı. Sâhibâbâd’da ticarethaneler bulunuyor, sosyal-sportif faaliyetler (çevgân, nevruz) gerçekleştiriliyordu. Evler pişmiş tuğladan bir iki katlı, damları taraçalı yapılardı. Su ihtiyacı kanallardan veya kuyulardan sağlanıyordu. Evliya Çelebi dokuz kanal, 7000 kuyudan söz eder. Su mîrâbiyye vergisi karşılığında mîrâb nezâretinde kullanılıyordu.
Tebriz’de Türk, Arap, Fars, Moğol, Ermeni, müslüman, hıristiyan, yahudi, Budist gibi çeşitli milletlere ve dinlere mensup kişiler yaşardı. Günümüzde nüfusun ekseriyetini Âzerî Türkleri ve Farslar oluşturmaktadır. Şehrin geçmiş asırlardaki nüfusunu Clavijo 200.000 (XV. yüzyıl başları), Kādî Ahmed Kummî ve İskender Bey 200-300.000 (XVI. yüzyıl), Don Juan 80.000 hâne (XVI. yüzyıl sonları), Evliya Çelebi 300.000 kişi (XVII. yüzyıl ortası) gibi abartılı rakamlarla vermişlerdir. Osmanlılar’ın 1140 (1728) tahririne göre şehrin nüfusu 5696 hâne müslüman, 610 hâne hıristiyan, 54 hâne yahudi olmak üzere toplam 6360 hânedir (32.000-40.000 kişi). Şehrin zaptı esnasında göçenler, savaşta ve 1721-1727 depremlerinde ölenler hesaba katıldığında nüfusun 80-100.000 kişiye ulaştığı söylenebilir. XIX. yüzyıl başlarında 60.000, 1842’de 100.000, 1895’te 150.000’i (3000’i Ermeni) bulan nüfus XX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde 200.000’e ulaşmıştır. Şehirde 1956’da 290.000, 1980’de 600.000, 1996’da 1.305.000, 2006 sayımına göre 1.579.312 kişinin bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Göçler (1386’da Timur’un Semerkant’a, 1514’te Yavuz Sultan Selim’in İstanbul’a, 1611’de I. Abbas’ın İsfahan’a göç ettirmesi), isyanlar (1707’de Hüseyin Mirza’ya, 1909’da Ruslar’a karşı), Sünnî Osmanlılar’dan korkup kaçanlar (reâyâ-yı perâkende), veba salgınları ve doğal âfetler tarih boyunca nüfusu etkileyen başlıca faktörlerdir. Bir fay hattı üzerinde bulunan Tebriz’de sıkça deprem olmuştur; en yıkıcıları 858, 1042, 1067, 1273, 1721, 1727, 1780 dönemleridir. 858’de şehir harap oldu, Abbâsî Halifesi Mütevekkil-Alellah önemli bir tamirat yaptırdı. 1042’de surlar, saraylar, evler ve pazarlar yıkıldı; kaynakların abartılı rakamlarıyla 50.000 kişi öldü. 1067 ve 1273’te yine surlar ve binaların çoğu tahribata uğradı. En büyük felâketler XVIII. yüzyılda yaşandı; 1721’de 80.000, 1727’de 77.000, 1780’de 50.000 kişi öldü. En son 1917 depremi de oldukça büyük zararlara yol açtı. Tebriz, coğrafî konumuyla Avrupa-Asya arasındaki en önemli toplanma ve ana yolların buluşma merkeziydi. Marco Polo’ya göre Doğu-Batı arasında en büyük pazardı. XIV. yüzyılda Tebriz-Anadolu-Avrupa hattı ön plana çıktı; Van, Erzurum, Erdebil, Merâga ve Nahcıvan’a yollar açıldı. Timur, Akkoyunlular, Karakoyunlular ve ilk dönem Safevî şahlarının bu yollara önem vermesine karşılık I. Abbas’ın Benderabbas Limanı’nı açtırması Tebriz ekonomisine darbe vurdu.
XII. yüzyılda İstanbul-Konya-Tebriz ekseninde canlı bir ticaret mevcutken XIII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru İlhanlı-Altın Orda siyasî rekabetin yüzünden Kefe-Trabzon-Tebriz ticaret yolu önem kazanmaya başladı. Tebriz, ilk müslüman İlhanlı hükümdarı olan Ahmed Teküder zamanında (1282-1284) dönemin en önemli ticaret merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. İlhanlılar’dan itibaren Hint’in baharatı, Çin’in porseleni ve ipekli kumaşları, Deştikıpçak’ın kürkleri, Mâzenderan, Gîlân, Şirvan’ın ipeği, Hürmüz’ün kıymetli taşları Tebriz’den Türk, İranlı, İtalyan, Rus ve İngiliz tâcirlerince Avrupa’ya ve İslâm ülkelerine ihraç ediliyordu. Bu sebeple Ceneviz (1304) gibi ülkeler Tebriz’de şehbenderlik açtılar. Karakoyunlular döneminde para basılan iki darphâneden biri Tebriz’de bulunuyordu (diğeri Bitlis’te). Safevîler ve Osmanlılar ticareti geliştirmek için tedbirler aldılar. I. Tahmasb 1565’te Tebrizliler’e vergi muafiyeti getirdi, damga vergisini kaldırdı, İngilizler’e Tebriz’de ticaret hakkı tanıdı. Osmanlılar, 1584-1585 savaşlarında hasar gören Kayseriye gibi çarşıları onardılar. 1729’da Hemedan, Gence, Revan gibi yerlerde alınan gümrük vergisini Tebriz’de birleştirdiler. Bu tedbirler şehrin faal ticaret merkezi fonksiyonunu arttırdı. Gümrük resminin 1593’te 566.666 akçeden 1728’de 4.560.000 akçeye çıkması, 1728’de ipekten 1.200.000 akçe gelir elde edilmesi bunun göstergesidir. XIII-XIX. yüzyıllarda Tebriz’de boyahane, şem‘hâne, darphâne, şîşegerân, kâğıthane, debbâğhâne vb. sanayi tesisleri bulunuyordu. Marco Polo, İbnü’l-Esîr, Evliya Çelebi ve Tavernier dokumacılık, dericilik, nakkaşlık, kuyumculuk gibi mesleklerin gelişmişliğinden söz eder. Geyhatu Han’ın ilk kâğıt parayı (693/1294), Safevîler’in gümüş ve bakır sikke bastırdıkları darphâne önemlidir. Tebriz esnafı Kayseriye, Mirza Sâdık, Câfer Paşa, Gāzân, Kârdgerân, Bezzâzistan gibi çarşılarda faaliyet gösteriyordu. Osmanlılar “harîrfü-rûşân” kethüdâlığı ve “mîzân-ı harîr” dellâllığı kurmuşlardı (1728). Günümüzde Tebriz’de traktör, otomotiv, petrokimya, çimento, tekstil, halı, seramik, gıda gibi sanayi türleri faaliyet göstermektedir. 1967’de kurulan Tebriz Otomotiv ve Makine Sanayi Şirketi bugün Almanya, Avusturya, Yunanistan gibi ülkelere ihracat yapmaktadır. İran’ın önemli petrol sanayi tesislerinden ikisi (Tebriz Petrokimya Şirketi [1949], Tebriz Petrol Rafinerisi) buradadır. Ayrıca İran Traktör Şirketi Tebriz’de bulunmaktadır. İran’ın ünlü çikolata markaları Tebriz’de üretilmektedir.
İdarî Yapı. İlhanlı, Karakoyunlu, Akkoyunlu ve Safevîler’e başşehirlik yapan Tebriz, Abbas Mirza’dan itibaren Kaçar taht vârislerinin resmî ikametgâhı idi (velîahd-nişîn) (1799); Selçuklular’dan günümüze kadar Azerbaycan eyaletinin (ustân) idarî-siyasî merkezidir. Safevîler’in Azerbaycan’daki idarî yapısını bozmayan Osmanlılar’ın 1593 idarî taksimine göre Tebriz eyaleti Tebriz (merkez, Serdsahra, Mihrânrûd, Ardanak, Anzâb, Zenûz, Şahâ, Vidhir, Dihharkân, Dizecrûd, Adangı, Heşrûd, Rudgât, Mevâzi‘cân), Suldus, Dizmâr (Sendyan, Gerger), Merâga (Seracû, Leylân, Egertû, Kavdûl, Miyandûvab, Ahtacî-yi Ulyâ, Ahtacî-yi Suğrâ), Sarukurgân (Acrî-yi Ulyâ, Acrî-yi Suğrâ, Siyehkûh, Hüseyinâbâd), Saîdâbâd, Alîk livâ ve nahiyelerinden oluşuyordu. 1728’de eyalete Serdsahra, Hıtay, Şahâ, Vidhir, Rûdgât, Dihhûvarkân, Dizecrûd, Mihrânrûd, Uçân, Abbas, Hanemrûd, Alanberagûş, Bedûstân, Mevâzi‘cân, Ardanak/Arvanak, Merend, Sovukbulak, Zenûz ve Tasuç bağlıydı. Nâdir Şah döneminde Safevî-Osmanlı idarî yapısı kaldırıldı; Tiflis, Şirvan, Gence-Karabağ, Cenûb-i Azerbaycan ve Çukursa‘d birleştirilip Tebriz merkezli Azerbaycan eyaleti kuruldu. Kaçarlar bunu devam ettirdi. 1925’te eyaletin “hâkim-nişînlik” merkezi yapılan Tebriz’e Tasuç, Hamte, Rûdgât/Sufiyân, Şâyester, Gözekenan, Şerefhâne, Basmıc, Saîdâbâd, Sehrânerûd, Dikmetaş, Hanımrûd ve Uçar/Hacıağa bölükleri bağlıydı. Bugün Tebriz Doğu Azerbaycan eyaletinin merkezidir.
Tebriz’in en önemli eseri Gāzân Han’ın 1303’te inşa ettirdiği, yapımı yedi yıl süren Şenbigāzân Külliyesi’dir. Külliyede türbe, cami, iki medrese (Hanefî-Şâfiî), hastahane, rasathâne, kütüphane, tekke, seyyid ve şerifler için misafirhane, hamam ve odalar mevcuttu. Bakımı için kervansaray ve çarşı yaptırarak 100 altın tümen gelir vakfeden Gāzân Han burada medfundur. I. Abbas’ın 1020’de (1611) tahrip ettirdiği, 1641 depreminden ciddi hasar gören külliye 1725’te Köprülüzâde Abdullah Paşa tarafından onarılmıştır. XIX. yüzyılda harap bir şekilde duran Şenbigāzân’dan günümüze bir şey kalmamıştır. Şehrin en eski eseri Hârûnürreşîd’in zevcesi Zübeyde Hatun adına VIII. yüzyılda yaptırılan camidir. Mütevekkil-Alellah’ın Dımışkıye Camii (IX. yüzyıl), Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî’nin Rab‘ıreşîdî (709/1309), Tâceddin Ali Şah’ın Ali Şah Camii (1312-1322), Karakoyunlu Cihan Şah tarafından yaptırılan Gökmescid (870/1465-66), Uzun Hasan’ın Nâsıriyye Külliyesi (889/1484) ve Kayseriye Çarşısı, Akkoyunlu Yâkub Bey’in Heşt-Bihişt Sarayı (888/1483), Şeyh Keçeci Medresesi (XV. yüzyıl), Şah Maksud Camii, Şah Abbas Camii, Mirza Sâdık’ın Sâdıkıyye Medresesi (XVII. yüzyıl) şehrin diğer tarihî eserleridir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 467, 475; Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem (Minorsky), s. 142; Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb, III, 21; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (trc. Ahmet Ağırakça – Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, IX, 392; XI, 339; XII, 342, 393, 466; Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih, I, 298; II, 591, 638; Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Târîḫ-i Mübârek-i Ġāzânî (nşr. K. Jahn), London 1940, s. 85, 102 vd.; Marco Polo, Seyahatnâme (trc. Filiz Dokuman), İstanbul, ts. (Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser), I, 27-28; Müstevfî, Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb (Strange), s. 75-80; Nizâmeddîn-i Şâmî, Zafernâme (trc. Necati Lugal), Ankara 1949, s. 116-118, 290, 349; R. G. de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane: 1403-1406 (trc. G. le Strange), London 1928, s. 153-154; Ahmed Kummî, Ḫulâṣatü’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. İhsan İşrâkī), Tahran 1359 hş., s. 35-37, 143; Tahmasb, Tezkire (trc. Hicabi Kırlangıç), İstanbul 2001, s. 29, 38, 44-46; Hasan-ı Rûmlû, Ahsenü’t-Tevârîh (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 2006, s. 58, 62, 83-86 vd.; Don Juan of Persia: A Shiàh Catholic, 1560-1604 (nşr. G. le Strange), London 1926, s. 63-64; İskender Bey Münşî, Târîḫ, I, 28, 123-125, 208, 224 vd.; II, 642-644, 687 vd.; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, II, 245-268; J.-B. Tavernier, XVII. Asır Ortalarında Türkiye Üzerinden İran’a Seyahat (trc. Ertuğrul Gültekin), İstanbul 1980, s. 38, 41; Nâdir Mirza, Târîḫ ve Coġrâfî-i Dârü’s-salṭana-i Tebrîz, Tahran 1323, s. 2-6, 59, 66-67 vd.; CHIr., VI, 7, 14, 161, 241; VII, 29-33, 203-205 vd.; Osmanlı-İran-Rus İlişkilerine Ait İki Kaynak (trc. ve nşr. H. D. Andreasyan), İstanbul 1974, s. 36, 65-66 vd.; Oktay Efendiyev, O Periodizatsii İstorii Tebriza, XV-XVI. vv, Moskova 1979, s. 237-245; Seyidağa Onullahi, XIII-XVII. Asrlarda Tebriz Şeherinin Tarihi, Bakü 1982, s. 127-128 vd.; Süleyman Aliyarlı, Azerbaycan Tarixi, Bakü 1996, s. 214-216, 305 vd.; Hüseyin Sultânzâde, Tebrîz, Tahran 1376, s. 68-180; Oğuz Tekin, “Başlangıcından Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne Kadar Türk Devletlerinin Sikkeleri”, Türkler (nşr. Hasan Celal Güzel v.dğr.), Ankara 2002, V, 416; Bahattin Keleş, “Memlüklerde Ticaret”, a.e., V, 440; Ali Sinan Bilgili, Osmanlı İran ve Azerbaycanı I, Erzurum 2004, s. 52, 94, 130, 167, 219; Karl Jahn, “Tebriz: Doğu ile Batı Arasında Bir Ortaçağ Kültür Merkezi” (trc. İsmail Aka), TAD, XIII/24 (1980), s. 59, 63-65; Galibe Haciyeva, “Tebriz Yer Adının Kaynağı”, TDA, sy. 129 (2000), s. 115-119; Osman G. Özgüdenli, “XIV. Yüzyılda Tebriz’de Bir Hayır ve Kültür Kurumu: Şenb-i Gazân (Gâzâniyye)”, TD, sy. 37 (2002), s. 253-289; V. Minorsky, “Tebriz”, İA, XII/1, s. 82-98; a.mlf. – [C. E. Bosworth], “Tabrīz”, EI2 (İng.), X, 41-49; S. S. Blair, “Tabrīz”, a.e., X, 49-50; W. Kleiss, “Azerbaijan”, EIr., III, 220-221; K. Schippmann, “Azerbaijan”, a.e., III, 221-224; C. E. Bosworth, “Azerbaijan”, a.e., III, 224-231; B. Kuniholm, “Azerbaijan”, a.e., III, 231-234; R. Tapper, “Azerbaijan”, a.e., III, 234-238; Mustafa Müminî, “Tebrîz”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1380/2002, VI, 379-408.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 219-222 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.