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TERCÜMAN Skip to content Gaspıralı İsmâil Bey tarafından Kırım’da yayımlanan Türkçe-Rusça gazete.
Kırım’ın Bahçesaray şehrinde 22 Nisan 1883 – 23 Şubat 1918 (?) tarihleri arasında genellikle haftada bir gün dört sayfa halinde yayımlanmış (Rusça adı Perevodçik), 1904 yılından sonra düzensiz biçimde haftada iki, üç veya beş defa çıktığı olmuştur. Gaspıralı gazeteyi çıkarabilmek için dört defa Petersburg’a gidip yetkililerle görüşmüş, nihayet Kırım’ın Rusya’ya bağlanmasının 100. yıl dönümü dolayısıyla 5 (17) Ağustos 1882’de izin alabilmiştir. Adı 1905’te Tercümân-ı Ahvâl-i Zamân şeklinde değiştirilmiş, 1909’da yine Tercüman’a dönülmüştür. İç ve dış haberlerle, maarif ve edebiyata dair yazılarıyla Rusya’daki müslüman Türkler’in modernleşmesinde büyük ölçüde etkili olan gazete 1886’da amacını, “Rusya ülkesinde sâkin ehl-i İslâm’ın fevâid-i ma‘neviyye ve maddiyyesine hizmet etmek” diye açıklamıştır. Türkçe ve Rusça sayfalarının birbirinin aynı olduğu ileri sürülmüşse de her iki dilde yayımlanan metinler farklılık göstermektedir; bazı yazılar birinde varken diğerinde yer almamış, bazan da bir yazı bir dilde daha hacimli, diğerinde daha kısa tutulmuştur. Gazeteye yayın izni alınırken şart koşulan Rusça bölümünün neşredilmemesi için Gaspıralı on yıl kadar uğraşmış, nihayet istediği izni alarak 20 Aralık 1907’den sonra Rusça kısmını kaldırmış, yine de gerekli görüldüğünde Rusça yazılara gazetede yer verilmiştir. Tercüman’ı ölümüne kadar (24 Eylül 1914) Gaspıralı yönetmiş, ölümünden sonra yayımı, oğlu Rifat’ın sahipliği ve Hasan Sabri Ayvazof’un başmuharrirliğinde Kırım’da kurultay hükümetinin yıkılmasına (tah. 23 Şubat 1918) kadar sürdürülmüştür. Nisan 1918’de Almanlar Kırım’ı işgal edince Gaspıralı’nın kızı Şefika Hanım matbaayı tekrar açmışsa da başka yayınlar basıldığı halde Tercüman çıkmamıştır. Ağustos 1918’de beyaz Ruslar’ın lideri Denikin’in Kırım’ı ele geçirmesiyle Tercüman’ın matbaasına el konulmuştur.
Gaspıralı bir matbaa kurup Tercüman’ı yayımlamaya başlarken annesinden ve eşinden maddî-mânevî yardım görmüştür. Ayrıca daha önce Kırım, İdil-Ural ve Kafkasya bölgelerinde aboneler bulmaya çalışmış, gazete yayımlandıktan sonra zaman zaman bu bölgelere giderek ileri gelen kimselerle görüşmüş, bunu çıkarmadaki amacını anlatmış ve onlardan yardım istemiştir. Nitekim bazı din âlimleri, aydınlar, Tatar ve Azerbaycan zenginleri kendisine maddî yardımda bulunmuş, Tercüman’ın onuncu yıl töreninde yardım edenlerin isimleri açıklanmıştır (“Aziz Yadigâr”, 9 Mart 1893). Petersburg’dan eski bir matbaa makinesi satın alan Gaspıralı hurufatı İstanbul’dan temin etmiş, oradan bir mürettip getirtmiş, ilk yıllarda çeşitli güçlüklerle uğraşmak zorunda kalmıştır. Matbaa işlerinde, haberleşmelerde kendisine eşi Zühre Hanım ile Kırım’a gelen üç kayınbiraderi yardım etmiştir. Başlangıçta gazetenin yazılarını hemen tek başına yazmış, daha sonra da birçok yazı kendi kaleminden çıkmıştır (“yirmi beş sene kadar oluyor ki Tercüman’ı ya baştan âhirine kadar ya iki sülüsünü kalem-i âcizânemden çıkarmakta idim; bir nüsha Tercüman yoktur ki nısfı kalemimden geçmiş olmasın”, “Bu Nüsha”, Tercüman, 26 Şubat 1907). Rus hükümetinin sıkı bir sansüre tâbi tuttuğu gazetenin ilk sayıları bir buçuk yıl kadar Petersburg’a gönderilmiş, sansür görevini yapan şarkiyatçı Smirnov nüshaları üç dört hafta sonra iade etmiştir. Böylece gazetedeki haberlerin bir değeri kalmadığını gören Gaspıralı yine güçlükle gazetesinin Bahçesaray’da sansür edilmesi için izin almıştır. Gaspıralı’nın gazetesinde ihtiyatlı ve uzlaşmacı bir tavır içinde olduğu, Ruslar’la iyi geçinmeye çalıştığı, hatta bazan onların hoşuna gidecek yazılar yazdığı ve bu tavrını zamanla ustaca kullanılan bir taktiğe dönüştürdüğü bilinmektedir. Tercüman’da Türkçe metinlerle Rusça metinler karşılaştırılırsa bazan Rusça kısımlarda yönetimin dikkatini çekecek ifadelerin yumuşatıldığı veya çıkarıldığı görülür.
İdil-Ural ve Türkistan Türk lehçelerini iyi bilen Gaspıralı zaman zaman Kuzeybatı Türkçesi’nden kelimeler, ifadeler kullansa da gazete bazılarının iddia ettiği gibi melez bir Türkçe ile değil Türkiye Türkçesi ile çıkarılmıştır. Bulgaristan’dan Doğu Türkistan’a kadar yayılan Tercüman’da lüzum görüldüğünde lehçelerde ortak olan kelimelerin ve Batı Türkçesi ile Doğu Türkçesi’ne ait kelimelerin yan yana kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Gazetede açık bir anlatım ve kısa cümleler dikkati çeker. Gaspıralı’nın amacı “Boğaziçi’ndeki balıkçıdan Kâşgar’daki deveciye kadar” herkesin bu dili anlamasıdır. Gazetenin çıktığı otuz beş yıl boyunca dil konusunda bilinçli bir tavır sergileyen Gaspıralı, Türk dünyasında ortak bir edebî dil oluşturmaya gayret etmiş ve bunda da sanıldığından daha büyük bir başarı elde etmiştir. Ancak Sovyet döneminin katı siyasal-ideolojik propagandası Gaspıralı’nın bu başarısını perdelemiştir. Tercüman’da 1913 yılına kadar klasik imlâ uygulanmış, bu tarihten itibaren o dönemde Rusya Türkleri arasında gelişen eğilimlerin etkisiyle “fonetikleştirilmiş” bir imlâ ile de metinler yayımlanmıştır.
Türkiye’de yasaklanıp serbest bırakıldığı 1895-1897 yılları arasında gazetede “İlâve-i Tercüman”, “Koşma”, “Zamîme” adlarıyla fikir, edebiyat ve kültürle ilgili iki sayfalık ekler çıkarılmıştır. Bunların daha çok Türkiye’deki okuyucular için yayımlandığı, ayrıca Türkiye’ye gönderilen Tercüman nüshalarının Rusya içinde satışa sunulanlardan birkaç gün önce basıldığı, bazı nüshaların Rusya’da dağıtılanlardan kısmen farklı olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Bu yıllarda gazetenin Türkiye’deki satışının 10.000 civarında olduğu arşiv belgelerinden anlaşılmaktadır. Tercüman’ın eki olarak 1898’de Mekteb, 1906’da Ha Ha Ha! adlı mizah dergisi, 1906-1907 ve 1910-1911 yılları arasında Şefika Hanım’ın yönettiği Âlem-i Nisvân, 1910-1911’de Âlem-i Sıbyân adlı dergiler çıkarılmıştır. 1905 yılı sonunda örnek sayısı çıkan Âlem-i Nisvân 1906’da haftada bir defa ve Tercüman’dan müstakil olarak basılmış, 1907 başlarında da bir süre çıkmış, ardından yayımına son verilmiştir. 1910-1911 yıllarında bir hafta Âlem-i Nisvân, bir hafta Âlem-i Sıbyân ekleri basılmıştır. 1906’da Millet adlı ayrı bir gazete çıkarma teşebbüsü ise örnek sayı ile kalmıştır. Millet’in başlık klişesi altında yer alan, “Til birliği, fikir birliği ve bu da amel birliğini mûcip olur” ifadesi dikkati çeker. Bu ifade 1912’den sonra Tercüman’da “dilde, fikirde, işte birlik” şeklinde kullanılmıştır. Gazetenin on, yirmi ve yirmi beşinci yılları Bahçesaray’da büyük törenlerle kutlanmıştır. Bu törenlerde Rusya’dan, Balkanlar’dan, Türkiye’den, İran’dan Çin’e kadar birçok yerden gelen mektuplar, tebrik telgrafları, çeşitli hediyeler gazetenin itibarını ve etkisini gösterdiği gibi törenler, o yıllarda başka türlü bir araya gelemeyen Rusya müslümanlarının âdeta danışma toplantılarına dönüşmüştür.
İlk sayılarından itibaren sadece bir gazete olarak değil aynı zamanda hitap ettiği Rusya müslümanlarının ortak kürsüsü ve bir düşünce kulübü haline gelen Tercüman müslümanların modernleşme sürecini, bu sürecin din, fikir ve edebiyat hayatına ne şekilde yansıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Gaspıralı Tercüman’ı çıkarırken İslâm dininin doğru anlaşılmasını, Türklüğün çeşitli kollarının Türk kimliği altında birleşmesini, hepsinin ortak bir kültüre ve teknolojiye sahip olmasını arzu ediyordu. Bunun önünde en büyük engel olarak cehaleti, hurafeleri ve tembelliği görüyordu. Gazetesiyle başlattığı uyandırma işine usûl-i cedîd olarak adlandırılan eğitim öğretim faaliyetleriyle, okuma yazma kurslarıyla, ilk eğitim için gerekli olan kitapları 1884’ten sonra yazıp yayımlayarak devam etmiştir. Gazetede ilk sayılardan itibaren Türkiye’deki fikir ve edebiyat hayatı yakından takip edilmiştir. Bu etkiyle bazı eserler “Târîh-i İslâm” (1883, sy. 5, 7-9, 22-24, 28), “Medeniyyet-i İslâmiyye” (1884, sy. 22-24, 27, 32, 35, 40, 44), “Maîşet ve Edebiyyât-ı Osmânî” (1884, sy. 41, 44; 1885, sy. 2, 6, 9, 10), “Neşriyyât-ı Osmânî” (1886, sy. 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 14, 19, 20, 22, 23) başlıklı seri yazılarda yayımlanmıştır. Şemseddin Sâmi’nin Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm’ından geniş ölçüde istifade edilerek hazırlanan Deryâ-yı Bilik adlı ansiklopedi (1889, 44. sayıdan itibaren), Kāmûs-ı İlmî ve Fennî adlı diğer bir ansiklopedi (1905-1908) ilâve şeklinde çıkarılmış, ardından kitap halinde bastırılıp abonelere hediye edilmiştir.
Rusya müslümanları arasında geniş ölçüde hurafelerle iç içe girmiş, bu yüzden her türlü yenileşmenin önüne cahil kimselerce bir engel olarak çıkarılan yanlış din anlayışının bulunduğunu düşünen İsmâil Bey gazetesi aracılığıyla İslâm’a aykırılık itirazlarını ortadan kaldırmak, İslâm dinini cahil halk yığınlarına basit ve doğru biçimde tanıtmak istiyordu. Bu hususta Türkiye’deki uygulamalardan faydalanmıştır. Halifenin ülkesindeki İslâm anlayışını örnek gösterip yanlış dinî anlayışlar ve hurafelerle mücadele etmenin “kâfirlik” sayılmadığını anlatmak istiyordu. Bu bakımdan Gaspıralı, Tercüman’ın ilk sayılarından itibaren çevresinde yer alan ileri görüşlü din adamlarından destek istemiş, onları cehaletle mücadele için kendi yanına çekmeye çalışmış, din âlimleri ve öğretmenler hakkında gazetesinde övücü yazılar yazmıştır. Öte yandan Avrupa ve Rus kaynaklarından dünya müslümanlarını ilgilendiren gelişmeleri izleyen Gaspıralı, özellikle Rus gazetelerinin, fikir ve siyaset adamlarının müslümanlar ve İslâmiyet hakkındaki yanlış kanaatlerini, haksız hücumlarını gazetesinde cesaretle eleştirmekten geri durmuyordu. Uzun yıllar misyonerlerle, panslavistlerle tek başına Tercüman gazetesi sayesinde mücadele etmiştir.
1905 Rus ihtilâli Gaspıralı’nın düşüncelerini daha rahat ve açık şekilde dile getirmesine imkân vermiştir. “Gerek Sözler” adlı yazıda (5 Dekabr [18 Aralık] 1905) bu önemli değişmeye işaret ederken Tercüman’ın ilk döneminin sona erdiğini ve ikinci döneminin başladığını söylüyordu. 1905 ihtilâlinin ardından Rusya’daki serbest ortamda müslüman Türkler arasında matbuat hayatı canlanmış, gazete ve dergiler çıkarılmıştır. Ancak Rus mekteplerinden yetişen gençlerin önemli bir kısmı sosyalist düşüncelere ilgi duyuyor, Türk-İslâm âleminin problemlerini Gaspıralı’dan farklı şekilde algılıyor, modernleşmeye ve dönüşüme devrimci bir gözle bakıyor, onu çar hükümetine karşı yumuşak davranmakla ve muhafazakârlıkla suçluyordu. Bu gençler kendi toplumlarının geleceğini ve millî meseleleri değil sınıf mücadelesini, dünya ihtilâlini ön planda tutuyor, halk yığınlarını sınıf mücadelesine çekebilmek için mahallî dillerle yazmayı tercih ediyordu. Buna rağmen sosyalistler içinde Gaspıralı’nın millî kültür ve dil idealine bağlı olanlar da vardı. Tercüman gazetesi otuz beş yıl boyunca Rusya müslümanlarını ve Rusya Türkleri’ni uyandırma, çağdaş dünya medeniyetine ulaştırma yolunda olağan üstü hizmetler yapmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tercüman koleksiyonu, Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Arşivi (arşivdeki en son nüsha 9 Dekabr 1917/22 Aralık 1917 tarihli 232. sayıdır); Nadir Devlet, İsmail Bey Gaspıralı: 1851-1914, Ankara 1988, s. 23-42; Şengül Hablemitoğlu – Necip Hablemitoğlu, Şefika Gaspıralı ve Rusya’da Türk Kadın Hareketi: 1893-1920, Ankara 1998, s. 265-266; İsmail Bey Gaspıralı İçin (haz. Hakan Kırımlı v.dğr.), Ankara 2004; Fahri Solak, “Doğumunun 150. yılında Gaspıralı İsmail Bey, Tercüman Gazetesi Bibliyografyası ve Türkçe Yayınlar”, Müteferrika, sy. 20, İstanbul 2001, s. 79-104.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 492-494 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.