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TUĞTEGİNLİLER Skip to content Dımaşk merkez olmak üzere bu yöredeki bazı şehirlerde hüküm süren bir Türk-İslâm hânedanı (1104-1154).
Tuğteginliler’in (Toğteginliler, Börîler, Dımaşk Atabegliği) kurucusu Tuğtegin’dir. Hânedanın adı Arapça kaynaklarda Bûriyye şeklinde yer almadığı halde ilk defa 1893’te yayımlanan The Mohammadan Dynasties adlı eserinde (s. 161) Stanley Lane-Poole, ardından Zambaur ve Haçlı seferleri tarihiyle uğraşan tarihçiler bu adı Tuğtegin’in oğlu Böri’ye nisbetle Bûriyye, Bûrids, Burides şeklinde kaydetmişlerdir.
Tuğtegin’in 522’de (1128) vefatıyla yerine oğlu Böri geçti. Bâtınîler, Tuğtegin’in ölümünü fırsat bilerek Haçlılar’la, Sûr’un kendilerine verilmesi şartıyla onların Dımaşk’ı zaptına yardım etmek üzere gizli bir antlaşma yaptılar. Ancak Böri, Bâtınîler’i şiddetli bir şekilde cezalandırdı (523/1129). Bâtınî desteğinden mahrum kalmalarına rağmen ilerlemeye devam eden Haçlılar Dımaşk’ı kuşattılar; yağmaya çıkan 1000 kişilik bir Haçlı kuvveti Böri’nin müdahalesiyle imha edilince çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. 521’de (1127) Irak Selçuklu sultanı tarafından Musul valiliğine tayin edilen Atabeg İmâdüddin Zengî bir süre sonra başta Halep olmak üzere bütün Suriye’ye hâkim olmak için mücadeleye girişti. Tuğtegin’in ölümü ona bu yolda büyük fırsat verdi. Zengî Halep’i alınca Haçlılar’a karşı cihad çağrısı yaptı. Dımaşk’tan 500 kişilik bir kuvvet gönderen Böri, Hama valisi olan oğlu Sevinç’e İmâdüddin Zengî’ye katılmasını emretti. Zengî önce iyi karşıladığı Sevinç ve adamlarını daha sonra tutuklattı; böylece korunaksız duruma düşürdüğü Hama’yı zaptetti (Şevval 524 / Eylül 1130). Dımaşk’ta Bâtınîler’e karşı yürüttüğü mücadele sebebiyle onların hedefi haline gelen Böri, bütün tedbirlerine rağmen 525’te (1131) suikasta uğramaktan kurtulamadı. Yaraları yüzünden son bir yılını hasta olarak geçirdi ve 21 Receb 526’da (7 Haziran 1132) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti. Yerine geçen oğlu Şemsülmülûk İsmâil’in ilk işi Bâtınîler’in Haçlılar’a terkettiği Banyas şehrini geri almak oldu (Safer 527 / Aralık 1132). Ardından Zengî’nin Haçlılar’la uğraşmasından faydalanıp Hama’yı da geri aldı (Şevval 527 / Ağustos 1133). Şeyzer’i kuşatan İsmâil Akkâ, Nâsıra ve Taberiye bölgelerine düzenlediği akınlardan zengin ganimetlerle geri döndü. Şemsülmülûk İsmâil, başarılı bir dış siyaset izlemesine rağmen sert yönetimi ve koyduğu ağır vergiler yüzünden halk tarafından sevilmiyordu. Bir av partisinde suikasta uğraması onu daha da acımasız hale getirdi. Atabegliğinin bazı ileri gelenlerini ve kardeşi Sevinç’i ortadan kaldırdı. Dımaşk’ı kendisine teslim etmek üzere İmâdüddin Zengî’yi davet eden İsmâil’in bu teşebbüsü annesi Zümrüd Hatun’un emriyle öldürülmesine yol açtı (14 Rebîülâhir 529 / 1 Şubat 1135).
İsmâil’in yerine kardeşi Şehâbeddin Mahmud atabeg oldu. Bu arada İmâdüddin Zengî, İsmâil’in davetini bahane ederek Dımaşk önlerine geldi. Zengî’nin elçilerini iyi karşılayan Şehâbeddin Mahmud ondan geri dönmesini istedi. Dımaşk’ın dış mahallerinde cereyan eden küçük çaplı çarpışmalardan bir netice alamayacağını anlayan Zengî, Şehâbeddin Mahmud’un hutbeyi atabegi olduğu Irak Selçuklu Meliki Alparslan b. Mahmûd adına okutması şartıyla çekilmeye razı oldu. Bu olayın ardından Zengî’nin tehdit ettiği Humus hâkimi Humârtaş şehri Şehâbeddin Mahmud’a bıraktı. Mahmud, Humus’u kuvvetli bir garnizon haline getirdi ve erzak stoklarıyla takviye etti. Zengî, bütün Suriye’yi savaşla alamayacağını anlayıp barış yoluyla bazı teşebbüslerde bulunmaya karar verdi. Mahmud’a elçiler yollayarak annesi Zümrüd Hatun ile evlenmek istediğini bildirdi; Zengî’nin bu teklifi kabul edildi. Humus, Zümrüd Hatun’un çeyizi olarak Musul Atabegliği’ne bırakıldı (Ramazan 532 / Mayıs 1138). 531’de (1137) Türkmenler’le takviye edilen Tuğteginli ordusu Emîr Bazvac kumandasında Trablus Kontluğu topraklarına girdi. Kont Pons ile Bişhop Gerald esir alındı, birçok ganimet elde edildi. Emîr Bazvac aynı yıl Kudüs Krallığı’na ait Nablus’a, iç kaleye sığınanların canını kurtarabildiği ve şehrin büyük ölçüde yağmalandığı bir sefer daha düzenledi. Mahmud da Haçlılar’ın Banyas çevresini yağmalamaları üzerine bizzat sefere çıktı, Haçlılar geri çekilince Dımaşk’a döndü. Mahmud kısa bir süre sonra Ermeni asıllı üç hizmetkârı tarafından uyurken öldürüldü (23 Şevval 533 / 23 Haziran 1139). Bu olayın sipehsâlâr Muînüddin Üner ile Mahmud’un kardeşi Cemâleddin Muhammed’in tertibi olduğuna dair bazı ip uçları vardır (İbnü’l-Kalânisî, s. 268-269).
Muînüddin Üner, Mahmud’un Ba‘lebek valisi olan kardeşi Cemâleddin Muhammed’i Dımaşk’a getirtip tahta oturttu, kendisi de vezirliğe tayin edildi. Öte yandan Cemâleddin Muhammed’in İmâdüddin Zengî’ye sığınan kardeşi Behram Şah ve annesi Zümrüd Hatun, Zengî’yi Dımaşk’ı zaptetmeye teşvik ediyordu. Zengî hemen Dımaşk Atabegliği topraklarına girdi ve şiddetli bir muhasara neticesinde Ba‘lebek’i zaptetti (534/1139). Buradan Dımaşk’a yürüdü, Cemâleddin’e Dımaşk karşılığında istediği bir yeri vermeyi teklif etti; ancak teklif reddedildi. Zengî, içeriye soktuğu casustan kendisine karşı şiddetli bir direniş olacağını öğrenip şehri kuşatmaktan vazgeçti. Cemâleddin Muhammed bu olaydan kısa bir süre sonra yakalandığı hastalıktan kurtulamayıp öldü (8 Şâban 534 / 29 Mart 1140).
Üner onun yerine oğlu Mücîrüddin Abak’ı atabeg ilân etti. Dımaşk’ta meydana gelen bu değişiklik üzerine İmâdüddin Zengî bir defa daha şehri alma girişiminde bulundu. Üner, Kudüs Kralı Fulk ile yılda 20.000 dinar ödenmesi ve Zengî’nin zaptettiği Banyas’ın geri alındıktan sonra Haçlılar’a terkedilmesi şartıyla anlaşma yaptı. Kral da Üner’e askerî yardımda bulunacaktı. Dımaşk, Antakya ve Trablusşam kuvvetlerinin ortak harekâtıyla Banyas alınıp Haçlılar’a bırakıldı. Ancak Zengî, Dımaşk’ı kuşatmaktan vazgeçmedi. Haçlılar’ın desteğine rağmen Zengî’nin şehrin iâşe imkânlarını neredeyse yok etmesi karşısında Abak, adını hutbede okutmak suretiyle Zengî’nin hâkimiyetini kabul etmeye mecbur kaldı. Üner daha sonra İmâdüddin Zengî’nin öldürülmesinden yararlanıp Ba‘lebek’i geri aldı (541/1146). Babasının Halep ve civarındaki topraklarına hâkim olan Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî, Haçlı tehlikesi yüzünden kendini Dımaşk yönünde emniyet altına almak istiyordu. Bundan dolayı Abak ile bir dostluk antlaşması yaptı. Vezir Üner, Havran’da bulunan Sarhad Kalesi’ni muhasara ettiği sırada bizzat yardımına geldi. Şehrin valisi Altuntaş, Kudüs kralından yardım isteyince Haçlılar harekete geçtiler, fakat Bara’da müttefik Türk kuvvetlerine yenildiler. Busrâ ve Sarhad atabegliğin topraklarına katıldı (Muharrem 542 / Haziran 1147).
Urfa’nın fethi üzerine başlatılan II. Haçlı Seferi’ne katılan ordular hem Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî hem de Dımaşk Atabegliği ile savaşmaya karar verdi. Haçlı ordusunun ilk hedefinin Dımaşk olması ihtimaline karşı surlar tahkim edilirken düşmanın iâşe imkânları yok ediliyordu. Kalabalık bir Haçlı ordusu 543’te (1148) şehri kuşattı. Emîr Üner bir yandan komşu idarecilerden yardım isterken diğer yandan çeşitli vesilelerle Haçlı kont ve liderlerinin gönlünü alıp kuşatmanın gevşetilmesini sağladı. Dımaşk önlerinde çok uzun zaman kaybeden Haçlılar yiyecekleri azalınca geri çekildiler. Alman imparatoru ve Fransa kralı ülkelerine döndü. Nûreddin Mahmud, Antakya bölgesinde akınlara devam ettiği sırada Kudüs Krallığı’na bağlı kuvvetler Dımaşk’a bağlı yerleri yağmaladı. Atabeg Abak, Musul ve Halep atabeglikleriyle ittifakına rağmen onlardan gelebilecek tehditlere karşı Haçlılar’la ilişkilerini düzeltmek istiyordu. Bu amaçla Kral III. Baudouin ile iki yıllık bir barış antlaşması imzalandı (544/1149). Öte yandan Nûreddin Mahmud’un Antakya’ya düzenlediği sefere yardımcı birlikler gönderdi.
Abak, Muînüddin Üner’in Rebîülâhir 544’te (Ağustos 1149) ölümüyle yetkileri kendi eline aldı. Bu durum Dımaşk’ta şehir reisinin başlattığı bir isyana sebebiyet verdi. Bu gelişme Nûreddin Mahmud için bir fırsat teşkil etti. Nûreddin bir yandan Abak’ın emîrlerini kendi saflarına çekti, diğer yandan Haçlılar’a karşı bir sefer için 1000 kişilik kuvvet verilmesini istedi; böylece şehrin savunmasını zayıflatmayı planlıyordu. Abak, yardım çağrısına Kudüs kralı ile yaptığı antlaşmayı ihlâl edeceği için olumsuz cevap verdi. Zilhicce 544’te (Nisan 1150) Dımaşk’ı kuşatan Nûreddin Mahmud, Haçlılar’ın müdahale etmesi ihtimaline karşı hâkimiyetinin tanınması şartıyla Abak’la anlaştı. Böylece Abak’ın atabegliği Nûreddin Mahmud’un tâbiyetine girmiş oluyordu. Nûreddin Mahmud’un ertesi yıl Dımaşk’ı alma teşebbüsü Kudüs Krallığı kuvvetlerinin Abak’a yardıma gelmesi üzerine başarısızlığa uğradı. Nûreddin, Dımaşk’tan çekildikten sonra da akınlar devam etti. Neticede Nûreddin Mahmud’un Dımaşk’taki egemenlik hakkını güçlendiren ve Abak’ı onun nâibi konumuna düşüren bir antlaşma yapıldı (10 Rebîülâhir 546 / 27 Temmuz 1151). Abak, Nûreddin Mahmud’un Fâtımîler’e ait Askalan’ı zaptı sırasında onun yanında yer almakla birlikte Dımaşk’ın tehdit altına girdiğini görerek Kudüs kralı ile yeniden temasa geçti. Abak’ın bu tutumu şehirde huzursuzluğa yol açtı. Adamları vasıtasıyla olayları yakından izleyen Nûreddin Mahmud Safer 549’da (Nisan 1154) şehri kendi topraklarına kattı. Abak’ın şahsî mallarını alıp Bâlis’e gitmesine izin verdi. Bağdat’a giderek halifenin himayesine giren Abak ölünceye kadar (564/1169) burada yaşadı. Nûreddin Mahmud’un Dımaşk’ı ele geçirmesi ve atabegliğe bağlı diğer şehirlerin teslim olmasıyla Tuğteginliler hânedanı tarihe karıştı.
Tuğteginliler elli yıl boyunca Suriye ve Filistin’de Haçlılar’a karşı bir kalkan vazifesi yapmış, Antakya’dan Kudüs’e kadar uzanan bölgenin Haçlılar’ın elinde birleşmesine engel olmuştur. Tuğteginli atabegleri ekonomik ve sosyal hayatı geliştirmek için büyük çaba sarfetmiştir. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti zamanında ivme kazanan medrese inşası geleneği Tuğteginliler zamanında da sürdürülmüş, Dımaşk’ta Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler için birçok medrese yaptırılmıştır. Emînüddevle Gümüştegin, Muînüddin Üner, Nâsırüddevle Tarhan, Emîr Mücâhidüddin Bozan, Şerefülislâm Ebü’l-Kāsım İbnü’l-Hanbelî, Emîr Üner’in kızı İsmet Hatun, Câruh et-Türkmânî, Mismâr el-Hilâlî’nin yaptırdığı medreseler bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Atabeg Böri’nin hanımı Saffetülmülk Zümrüd Hatun da Dımaşk’ta Kur’an ve hadis tahsil etmiş, kelâm ilmiyle ilgilenmiş ve bir medrese yaptırmıştır. Tuğteginliler zamanında Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Osman el-Gazzî, İbnü’l-Ebbâr Ebû Muhammed Hasan b. Yahyâ, İbn Kuseym el-Hamevî, İbn Münîr et-Trablusî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Nasr el-Kayserânî, Ebü’l-Hasan b. Ebü’l-Hayr ed-Dımaşkī ve Ebü’l-Hasan Şemseddin Ali b. Servân el-Kindî gibi çok sayıda edip ve şair yetişmiş, bunlar kasidelerinde atabegleri övmüştür. İbnü’l-Kalânisî ile Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’in dönemin meşhur tarihçileri arasında seçkin bir yeri vardır. Dımaşk’ta ilk hastahane Melik Dukak zamanında yapılmıştır. Saffetülmülk, Kubbetü’t-Tavâvis ve Zümrüd Hatun Mescidi adıyla anılan iki mescid, Vezir Mezdegânî iki minareli büyük bir mescid inşa ettirmiştir. Sarhad Valisi Mücâhidüddin Bozan, Mescidü’n-nakkâş adıyla bilinen bir mescid yaptırmıştır. Suriye’nin en büyük ve en önemli yerleşim merkezi olan Dımaşk’ta canlı bir ticaret ve sanayi hayatı vardı. Tarla ve bahçelerin sulanması için su kanalları ve su dolapları kurulmuştur. Tuğtegin, şehrin kenar mahallelerindeki araziyi halka dağıtarak burada ziraatın gelişmesi ve halkın refah seviyesinin artması için çalışmıştır. Melik Dukak ve Atabeg Tuğtegin, Dımaşk civarında deri imalâthaneleri kurmuşlardı. Şehirde ayrıca iki demir ve bir cam eritme fırını, zeytinyağı ve susam yağı atölyeleri bulunuyordu. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda Dımaşk’ta kâğıt sanayiinde büyük gelişme olmuştur. Bu dönemde Dımaşk’ta buğday sapından kâğıt üreten iki kâğıt imalâthanesinin varlığı bilinmektedir. Sermin’de sabun, Cebelisümmâk’ta mutfak malzemeleri yapan atölyeler, şehir merkezinde dokuma tezgâhları, deri ve demir işleyen imalâthane ve iş yerleri vardı.
TUĞTEGİNLİLER (Dımaşk Atabegleri) Tuğtegin 498 (1104) Böri 522 (1128) İsmâil 526 (1132) Mahmud 529 (1135) Muhammed 533 (1139) Abak 534-549 (1140-1154)
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz) , s. 131-140, 158-165, 193-197; ayrıca bk. İndeks.
İbn Asâkir, Vülâtü Dımaşḳ fi’l-ʿahdi’s-Selcûḳī (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid), Beyrut 1981, s. 20-21.
İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Fârikī, Târîḫu Meyyâfâriḳīn , s. 236-237, 239.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , X, 37-38, 248-269, 443-467; ayrıca bk. İndeks.
İbnü’l-Adîm, Zübdetü’l-ḥaleb , II, 186-189, 232-233; ayrıca bk. İndeks.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 296.
Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih , II, 351-352, 356.
Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-nâmesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor’un Zeyli (1136-1162) (nşr. ve trc. H. D. Andreasyan), Ankara 1962, s. 192, 252, 257-258, 281, 282, 284, 287.
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Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi , I, 165, 169; II, bk. İndeks.
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Abdülkerim Özaydın, Sultan Muhammed Tapar Devri Selçuklu Tarihi (498-511/1105-1118) , Ankara 1990, s. 102-108, 109-116, 123-126, 128-129, 135, 137.
J. M. Mouton, Damas et sa principauté sous les saljoukides et les bourides: 468-549/1076-1154 , Le Caire 1994.
B. Lewis, Haşîşîler (trc. Ali Aktan), İstanbul 1995, s. 89-90, 91.
Taef Kamal el-Azhari, The Saljūqs of Syria: During the Crusades 463-549 A.H./1070-1154 A.D. , Berlin 1997, tür.yer.
Şâkir Mustafa, “Ṭuġtekîn: Reʾsü’l-üsreti’l-Bûriyye ve müʾessisü’n-niẓâmi’l-Atâbekî”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb ve’t-terbiye , sy. 2, Küveyt 1972, s. 35-87.
Anne-Marie Eddé, “Ṭug̲h̲tigin”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 600.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 349-351 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.