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UKAYLÎLER Skip to content Irak, el-Cezîre ve Kuzey Suriye’de hüküm süren bir Arap hânedanı (990-1096).
İslâmiyet’ten önce Necid ve Yemâme’nin kuzeyinde yaşayan Benî Ukayl daha sonra çeşitli bölgelere dağıldı. IV. (X.) yüzyılda Bahreyn’deki yurtlarından çıkarılan Ukaylîler el-Cezîre’ye göç ettiler ve Musul’da hüküm süren Hamdânîler’e tâbi oldular. Kendilerinden önce bölgeye gelen soydaşlarıyla birleşerek zamanla güçlerini arttırdılar. Son Hamdânî emîri Gazanfer’in Remle hâkimi Müferric b. Dağfel et-Tâî ile yaptığı savaşta Gazanfer’in yanında onunla birlikte yenilgiye uğradılar. Gazanfer’in bu savaşta ölmesi ve Hamdânîler’in tarihe karışmasının (369/979) ardından Mervânîler’in kurucusu Bâz (Bâd) 373’te (984) Musul’u hâkimiyetine aldı. Ertesi yıl Büveyhîler Bâz’ı mağlûp ederek Musul’a girdiler. Bâz’ın Bağdat’ı ele geçirme teşebbüsü ölümüyle sonuçlanınca yeğeni Ebû Ali Hasan b. Mervân mücadeleye devam etti. Büveyhî Hükümdarı Bahâüddevle’nin izniyle Musul’a dönen Hamdânîler’den Ebû Tâhir İbrâhim ile Ebû Abdullah Hüseyin, Mervânîler karşısında başarısız olunca Nusaybin’deki Ebü’z-Zevvâd Muhammed b. Müseyyeb el-Ukaylî’den yardım istediler. Cezîretü İbn Ömer ve Beled’i de alan Ebü’z-Zevvâd, Ebû Tâhir İbrâhim ve oğlunu öldürüp Musul’u ele geçirdi (380/990) ve Musul’da Büveyhîler’e bağlı Ukaylîler hânedanı kuruldu.
Ebü’z-Zevvâd Muhammed’in 386 (996) yılında ölümüyle yerine kardeşi Hüsâmüddevle Ebü’l-Hasan Mukalled (Mukallid) b. Müseyyeb geçti. Hüsâmüddevle hâkimiyetinin onaylanması şartıyla Bahâüddevle’ye yıllık 2 milyon dirhem ödemeyi vaad etti. Buna karşılık Kûfe, Kasr ve Camiayn kendisine verildi. Bağdat’ta Halife Kādir-Billâh tarafından kabul edilen Hüsâmüddevle Mukalled’in ilk dönemi kardeşleri Ali ve Hasan ile mücadele içinde geçti; Benî Hafâce’den yardım alarak kardeşi Hasan’ı uzaklaştırdı. Ona yardım eden Mezyedîler üzerine yürüyüp Dakūkā’yı zaptetti. Bağdat’ı ele geçirmeyi planladığı sırada kendisinden intikam almak isteyen bir Türk gulâmı tarafından öldürüldü (Safer 391 / Ocak 1001). Yerine oğlu Mu‘temidüddevle Karvâş (Kırvâş) b. Mukalled geçti.
Karvâş elli yıl kadar süren iktidarı boyunca hâkimiyetini güçlendirmeye çalıştı. İlk olarak 392 (1002) yılında Büveyhî hâkimiyetindeki Medâin’e başarısız bir saldırıda bulundu. Benî Hafâce’ye ait yerleri almak üzere Benî Esed kabilesiyle ittifak yapınca Büveyhîler’in Medâin nâibi de Benî Hafâce ile anlaştı. Ramazan 392’de (Temmuz-Ağustos 1002) yapılan savaşı Karvâş kazandı. Daha sonra Kûfe’ye hücum etti, ancak yenilip Enbâr’a kaçtı. Karvâş, Abbâsî halifesiyle Büveyhîler ve Fâtımî hilâfeti arasındaki çatışmalardan yararlanmak istedi. Büveyhîler’in kendisine karşı olumsuz tutumları yüzünden Fâtımî Halifesi Hâkim-Biemrillâh adına hutbe okuttu. Üzerine kuvvet sevkedilince özür dileyip hutbeyi Abbâsî halifesi adına okutmaya başladı (401/1010-11). 411 (1020) yılında yeğeni Garîb b. Makn b. Mukalled ile birlikte Mezyedîler’in desteklediği Abbâsî ordusuna esir düştü ve bir süre sonra affedildi. Mezyedîler’den Dübeys ile Benî Hafâce’nin yardım ettiği Abbâsî ordusu karşısında bir defa daha yenilen Karvâş (417/1026) Nusaybin hâkimi olan kardeşi Bedrân ile diğer bazı Ukaylî emîrlerinin saldırısına uğradı; taraflar Nusaybin’in Bedrân’da kalması şartıyla anlaşmaya vardı. Benî Hafâce reisi Menî‘ b. Hasan, Enbâr’ı yağmalayıp ateşe verince Karvâş şehri surla tahkim etti. Hafâce reisi, Ebû Kâlîcâr’ın onayı ile Kûfe’yi aldı (417/1026). Karvâş’ın kardeşi Bedrân, Mervânîler’in zaptettiği Nusaybin’i kuşattı. Bir kısım kuvvetlerini el-Cezîre’ye gönderen Karvâş da Nusaybin kuşatmasına katıldı, fakat başarısız oldular. Bedrân, Mervânî Emîri Nasrüddevle ile görüşerek şehri geri aldı (421/1030). Aynı yıl Karvâş’ın yeğeni Garîb b. Makn b. Mukalled Tikrît’e saldırınca şehrin hâkimi Karvâş’tan yardım istedi. Karvâş yeğenini mağlûp ederek eski şartlarla anlaşmayı yeniledi. 425’te (1034) kardeşi Bedrân ölünce Nusaybin’i onun oğluna verdi. Karvâş’ın 431 (1039-40) yılında Tikrît’i muhasara etmesi Büveyhîler’le çatışmaya yol açtı. Büveyhî Emîri Celâlüddevle, Enbâr başta olmak üzere Karvâş’a ait yerleri istilâya girişti. Ukaylîler’den beklediği desteği alamayan Karvâş sonunda Celâlüddevle’ye itaat arzetti.
Selçuklu sultanının hizmetine girmeyip batıya çekilen Irak Oğuzları’nın (Yabgular) el-Cezîre’ye akın etmeleri üzerine Karvâş, Mervânî Emîri Nasrüddevle ve etrafına topladığı kuvvetlerle onları takibe koyuldu. Oğuzlar ellerindeki ganimetleri geri vererek anlaşmak istedilerse de Karvâş razı olmadı. Yapılan savaşta galip gelen Oğuzlar çevreyi yağmalamaya devam ettiler (433/1041-42) ve Karvâş’ın bir baskına hazırlandığını öğrenince Musul’a karşı yürüdüler. Şehir halkı ile birlikte Oğuzlar’la savaşan Karvâş durumun kötüye gitmesi üzerine ikinci gün gemiyle kaçıp Sinn’e gitti. Oğuzlar Musul’u ele geçirip yağmaladılar (435/1043). Karvâş etraftan yardım istedi. Ukaylîler ve Mezyedîler’den Dübeys kendisine katıldı. Oğuzlar da Diyarbekir bölgesindeki soydaşlarından yardım aldılar. 20 Ramazan 435 (21 Nisan 1044) tarihinde yapılan savaşta Oğuzlar yenilgiye uğradılar. Karvâş ağır kayıplar veren Oğuzlar’ı Nusaybin’e kadar takip etti. 441 (1049) yılında kardeşi Ebû Kâmil Bereket, Karvâş aleyhine karşı harekete geçti. Yenilgiye uğrayan Karvâş, Ebû Kâmil tarafından Musul’a getirildi. Karvâş, Musul emîri olarak görünse de yönetim kardeşinin eline geçti. Aynı yıl Ukaylîler’in Türk asıllı emîr Arslan el-Besâsîrî’ye ait bazı yerlere saldırmasıyla çıkan savaşta iki taraf da ağır kayıplar verdi. Besâsîrî, Enbâr ahalisinin Karvâş’tan şikâyeti yüzünden şehri teslim aldı. Yetkilerinin iyice kısıtlanması üzerine Karvâş, Bağdat’a gitmeye teşebbüs ettiyse de Ebû Kâmil’in gönderdiği heyet tarafından geri çevrildi (442/1050-51). Ebû Kâmil, Büveyhîler’le savaşmak için Tikrît’e giderken yolda vefat edince yerine Alemüddin Ebü’l-Meâlî Kureyş b. Bedrân getirildi. Kureyş ile amcası Karvâş arasındaki çekişme Karvâş’ın tutuklanmasıyla sonuçlandı. Karvâş Receb 444’te (Kasım 1052) öldü ve Musul’un doğusunda Ninevâ’da Tevbe tepesinde gömüldü.
Kureyş, başlangıçta kardeşi Mukalled ve Ukaylî ailesinin diğer liderleriyle mücadele etmek zorunda kaldı. Bu ihtilâflarda Büveyhî Emîri el-Melikü’r-Rahîm onun topraklarını elinden almaya kalkıştı. Kureyş, kaybettiği yerleri geri almak için giriştiği mücadelede başarı sağlayınca el-Melikü’r-Rahîm’e tâbi olarak durumunu güçlendirdi. Besâsîrî’nin zaptettiği Enbâr’ı geri aldı. Ancak otorite boşluğu yüzünden bölgedeki çatışmalar arttı. Kureyş, Bağdat seferi dolayısıyla bölgeye gelen Tuğrul Bey adına hutbe okuttu (Şâban 446 / Kasım 1054). Mervânîler’den el-Cezîre hâkimi Süleyman b. Nasrüddevle’nin öldürülmesini fırsat bilerek giriştiği savaşta ağır yaralandı (447/1055). Daha sonra Tuğrul Bey’in huzuruna çıkıp itaat arzetti. Tuğrul Bey’in gelişi üzerine Bağdat’tan kaçan Arslan el-Besâsîrî, Fâtımî halifesinin desteğiyle Selçuklular’a karşı bir Şiî cephesi oluşturmak istiyordu. Sultan Tuğrul da Kutalmış ile Kureyş’i sefere memur etti. Kutalmış, Sincar civarında yapılan savaşta ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı, yaralanan Kureyş ise Besâsîrî’ye katıldı (Şevval 448 / Ocak 1057). Musul’da hutbe Fâtımî halifesi adına okundu. Bunun üzerine Tuğrul Bey büyük bir orduyla bizzat harekete geçti, isyancıları bertaraf ederek bölgeyi yeniden itaat altına aldı; Kureyş sultandan af diledi. İbrâhim Yinal Musul’a vali tayin edildi. Ardından Kureyş, İbrâhim Yinal’ın şehirden ayrılmasını fırsat bilip el-Besâsîrî ile birlikte Musul’u ele geçirdi. Tuğrul Bey Musul’a ikinci defa sefer yapmaya mecbur oldu. Kureyş ve Arslan el-Besâsîrî şehri tahrip ederek kaçtılar. Tuğrul Bey kardeşi İbrâhim Yinal’ın isyanını bastırmak için Bağdat’tan ayrılınca Arslan el-Besâsîrî, Şiî bayrakları ile şehre girip Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh’ı esir aldı (8 Zilkade 450 / 27 Aralık 1058). Halife Kureyş’in himayesine verildi. İbrâhim Yinal’ın isyanını bastıran Tuğrul Bey geri dönüp Bağdat’ta bir yıl süren işgale son verdi. Tuğrul Bey’in emriyle halifeyi iade eden Kureyş, Şiîler’le iş birliği yapmasına rağmen halifeye zarar vermediğinden affedildi. Musul ve Nusaybin kendisine iktâ edildi. 453’te (1061) Nusaybin’de ölünce yerine oğlu Ebü’l-Mekârim Şerefüddevle Müslim geçti.
Tuğrul Bey’in ölümü üzerine (455/1063) Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh tarafından Bağdat’a davet edilen mahallî emîrlerin en itibarlısı sayılan Müslim bu durumundan kendi konumunu güçlendirmek amacıyla faydalanmayı düşündü. Halifenin kurtulmak istediği Selçuklu gücünün yerini almaya yeltenip sultanın sarayını işgal etti. Ancak diğer emîrlerin muhalefeti yüzünden başarı sağlayamadı. Müslim’in Fâtımî halifeliğine yakınlaşmasını engellemek için Sultan Alparslan ve halife tarafından Musul, Enbâr, Hît, Harbâ, Sin ve Bevâzic kendisine iktâ edildi (458/1066). Müslim 462’de (1069-70) sultanın kız kardeşi Safiye Hatun ile evlendirildi. Müslim b. Kureyş, daha sonra Sultan Melikşah’a bağlılık arzetmekle birlikte Selçuklular’la nüfuz mücadelesine girmekten kaçınmadı. Hatta sultanın kardeşi olan Suriye Meliki Tutuş’un emrine verilmesine rağmen onunla şiddetli bir rekabete girişti. Irak ve Suriye’de birleşik bir Arap devleti kurmak isteyen Müslim’in bu tutumundan rahatsızlık duyan Melikşah Musul’a sefer düzenledi ve Ukaylîler’e ait toprakları başkasına iktâ etti (477/1084). Horasan’daki isyan yüzünden bölgeden ayrılmak zorunda kalan sultan Müslim’in af talebini kabul etti. Bu sırada Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Süleyman Şah’ın Halep istikametinde ilerleyişini sürdürmesi, Müslim’in de Antakya yöresini yağmalatması gerilimi iyice tırmandırdı. Kurzâhil mevkiinde yapılan savaşta yenilerek öldürülen Müslim (24 Safer 478 / 20 Haziran 1085) Süleyman Şah tarafından Halep Kapısı’nda defnedildi.
Müslim’in yerine geçen kardeşi İbrâhim ağabeyinin dul eşi Safiye Hatun ile evlendi. Ancak Melikşah tarafından azledilip yerine halifenin eski veziri Fahrüddevle b. Cehîr tayin edildi (482/1089). Melikşah, Müslim’in oğlu Muhammed’e Rahbe, Harran, Suruç, Rakka ve Habur’u verdi ve onu kız kardeşiyle evlendirdi. Melikşah’ın ölümünden (485/1092) sonra Safiye Hatun oğlu Ali ile birlikte Musul’a geldi. Müslim’in diğer oğlu Muhammed ile girdiği mücadeleyi Ali kazandı. İbrâhim, Büyük Selçuklu tahtı için harekete geçen Tutuş’ a tâbi olmayı reddettiği için öldürüldü (486/1093). Tutuş halası Safiye Hatun’un oğlu Ali’yi Musul’a vali tayin etti. Muhammed kardeşine karşı Selçuklu Emîri Kürboğa’dan yardım istedi. Ancak Kürboğa onu yakalayıp Nusaybin’i aldı, uzun süren kuşatmanın ardından Musul’u ele geçirdi. Toprakları önce Suriye Selçukluları, ardından Büyük Selçuklu Emîri Kürboğa tarafından istilâ edilen Ukaylîler’in Musul’daki hâkimiyeti böylece sona erdi (Zilkade 489 / Kasım 1096). Ukaylîler’in Suriye ve el-Cezîre’de Tikrît, Hît, Ukberâ, Âne, Hadîse ve Ca‘ber gibi şehirlerde hüküm süren bazı küçük kolları VI. (XII.) yüzyıla kadar varlıklarını devam ettirdiler. Ca‘ber ve Rakka’daki kol 564’te (1169) Zengîler tarafından ortadan kaldırıldı. Ukaylîler’in sahip olduğu yerler Büyük Selçuklular’a bağlı Türk emîrlerin idaresine verildi. Kendileri de şiire meraklı olan Ukaylî emîrleri şair ve âlimleri himaye etmiştir.
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