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VATAN Skip to content VATAN Bir kimsenin doğduğu ve yaşadığı, siyasal ve duygusal yönden bağlı olduğu toprak parçasını; ruhun özlemini duyduğu asıl ve gerçek âlemi ifade eden sosyoloji, siyaset ve tasavvuf terimi.
Müellif: Mustafa Çağrıcı
Sözlükte “yerleşmek, bir yeri yurt edinmek, kendini bir şeye alıştırmak” anlamındaki vatn kökünden türeyen vatan klasik sözlüklerde ve edebî metinlerde “kişinin doğduğu, yerleştiği, barındığı ve yaşadığı yer” mânasına gelir. Aynı veya yakın anlamda mevtın da (çoğulu mevâtın ) kullanılır. İnsanın bir amaçla yerleştiği yer onun mevtınıdır. Îtân ve tavattun “bir yeri vatan edinmek” demektir (İbn Düreyd, III, 119; Fîrûzâbâdî, Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ, “vṭn” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vṭn” md.). Arapça’da beled ve dâr , Türkçe’de yurt, ülke ile il, ev kelimeleri de “vatan” mânasında kullanılır. Cürcânî iki türlü vatandan bahseder. Kişinin doğduğu yere ve yaşadığı ülkeye “vatan-ı aslî”, on beş gün veya daha fazla bir süre kalmak üzere gittiği yere “vatan-ı ikāmet” denir (et-Taʿrîfât , “vṭn” md.). Tehânevî’nin bildirdiğine göre vatan-ı aslîye “vatan-ı ehlî, vatan-ı fıtrat, vatan-ı karâr” adı da verilir. Vatan-ı ikāmet için “vatan-ı sefer, vatan-ı müsteâr, vatan-ı hâdis” terkipleri de geçer. Tehânevî ayrıca “vatan-ı süknâ”dan söz eder ki bu on beş günden daha az kalmaya niyet edilerek gidilen yerdir (Keşşâf, II, 1529-1530).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bir âyette geçen mevâtın Bedir’de, Huneyn’de ve bu ikisi arasında meydana gelen gazvelerde müslüman ordularının karargâhını ve savaş alanlarını ifade eder (et-Tevbe 9/25; bk. Şevkânî, II, 396). Ayrıca beled ve çoğulu bilâd “ülke” mânasında, dâr ve çoğulu diyâr hem “âhiret yurdu” hem “dünya yurdu, ülke, vatan” mânasında geçer. Bazı âyetlerde haksız yere yurtlarından çıkarılan veya çıkarılmayı hak edenlerden bahsedilirken, geçmiş kavimlerin işledikleri kötülükler yüzünden ülkelerinin büyük felâketlere uğradığı anlatılırken diyâr kelimesi kullanılmıştır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “bld”, “dvr” md.leri). Hadislerde de vatan ve mevtın kelimeleri uzun veya kısa süreyle yerleşilen mekânı anlatır. Aynı kökten türeyen fiiller “bir yere yerleşmek, karar kılmak; bir amacı, bir niyeti içine yerleştirmek, kafasına koymak, bir davranışı karakter haline getirmek” mânalarında geçer (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “vṭn” md.). Dâr ve beled kelimelerine Kur’an’daki mânalarıyla hadislerde de sıkça rastlanır (a.g.e. , “bld”, “dvr”, “vṭn” md.leri). Bir hadiste vatan bilâd ile, diğer bir hadiste dâr ile birlikte insanların yerleştiği, yaşadığı yeri belirtmek üzere kullanılmıştır (Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 75, “İmâre”, 36).
Tarihî ve edebî kaynaklarda insanlar için vatanın önemine, vatan sevgisi ve hasretine dair literatüre geniş yer verilmiştir. Bu türde eser yazan ilk müelliflerden Câhiz, el-Ḥanîn ile’l-evṭân başlıklı risâlesinde (Resâʾil, II, 379-412) vatan sevgisiyle vatan hasretinin insanda doğuştan gelen köklü bir duygu olduğunu söyler. Bu sebeple, “Vatanında sıkıntı çekmen gurbette bolluk içinde yaşamadan daha iyidir” denilmiştir. Câhiz insanların vatanlarını rızıklarından daha çok önemsediklerini belirtir. Kurak, verimsiz bir ülkede yaşayanlar daha zengin ülkelere gitseler yine de vatanlarını özlerler. Vatan sevgisinin doğuştan geldiği yönündeki fikrini desteklemek amacıyla bazı âyetlerden örnekler veren Câhiz’e göre, “Eğer onlara, ‘Kendinizi öldürün’ yahut, ‘Yurtlarınızdan çıkın’ diye emretmiş olsaydık içlerinden ancak çok az kısmı bunu yapardı” meâlindeki âyette (en-Nisâ 4/66) can sevgisiyle vatan sevgisi eşit tutulmuştur. Câhiz müslümanların, yurtlarından sürülüp çocuklarından koparılmasını savaş sebebi saydıklarına dair âyeti de (el-Bakara 2/246) vatan sevgisinin insanlarda köklü bir duygu olduğuna kanıt gösterir. Hz. İbrâhim eşi Hâcer ile oğlu İsmâil’i Mekke topraklarında bırakırken, “Rabbimiz! Neslimin bir parçasını senin Beytülharâm’ının yanında verimsiz bir vadiye yerleştirdim” demiş (İbrâhîm 14/37), Allah da onların Mekke’yi vatan edinmesine rıza göstermiştir. Yine Câhiz’e göre vatan sevgisini ortaya koyan en güçlü delil Hz. Yûsuf’un, cenazesinin ataları Ya‘kūb, İshak ve İbrâhim’in ülkesine taşınmasını vasiyet etmesidir. Ülkelerin mâmur hale gelmesini sağlayan vatan sevgisidir. Nitekim Hz. Ömer’in, “Allah ülkeleri vatan sevgisi sayesinde mâmur etti” dediği rivayet edilir. Bütün fâtihler vatanlarını özler, hiçbir yeri doğdukları topraklara tercih etmezler. Araplar da kendi ülkelerinde darlık ve yoksulluk içinde yaşamalarına rağmen yine de ayrıldıklarında vatan hasreti çekmişlerdir. İsrâiloğulları’nın gurbette ölen yakınlarını Kudüs’e naklettikleri söylenir (a.g.e. , II, 386-411). Câhiz’in, Menâḳıbü (Feżâʾilü)’t-Türk başlıklı risâlesinde de belirttiği üzere vatan duygusu bütün insanlara şâmil ve her bölgede etkilidir, ancak bu duygu Türkler’de her milletten daha güçlü ve köklüdür (a.g.e. , I, 63, 64-65).
Tarihçi ve edebiyatçı İbn Münkız’ın el-Menâzil ve’d-diyâr adlı eserinde vatanla ilgili manzum ve mensur literatüre ayrı bir bölüm ayrılmıştır (II, 3-32). Burada kaydedildiğine göre dünya saltanatını terkedip zühd ve riyâzete yönelen İbrâhim b. Edhem, “Dünyaya sırt çevirdiğimden beri hiçbir şey bana vatan hasretinden daha ağır gelmedi” demiştir (a.g.e. , II, 3). Ancak bu konuda farklı görüşler de vardır. Meselâ şair Buhtürî, İbn Münkız’ın aktardığı bir şiirinde şunları söyler: “Uzaklarda da olsa bir yerde geçimini sağlamışsan vatanım diye yanıp tutuşma. Ülke ülkeye benzer. En iyi ülke sıkıntılarını giderdiğin yerdir.” Geçim derdini vatan hasretinden önemli görenler de vardır. Bunlardan biri, “Hangi soylu insan vatanı aklına getirir, hayat onu dertlere boğmuşsa?” diye sorar (a.g.e. , II, 27, 30).
Vatan kelimesinin İslâm dünyasında bugünkü siyasal-sosyolojik içeriği kazanması Batı kaynaklı ulus-devlet fikrinin tesiriyle XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren ortaya çıkmıştır. Osmanlı ülkesinin parçalanıp müslüman topraklarının saldırılara ve işgallere uğramaya başladığı bu dönemde vatan, vatan severlik, vatan savunması gibi kavramlar İslâm toplumlarının siyaset, eğitim, edebiyat, askerlik, ekonomi, ahlâk, din gibi alanlara dair literatüründe geniş yer tutmuştur. Her ne kadar Ahmed Cevdet Paşa gibi ilim ve fikir adamları, “bizim kültürümüzde vatan kavramının dar kapsamlı olup bütün ülkeyi kuşatmadığını, bu kavramın askerleri savaşa teşvikte yetersiz kalacağını, bunun yerine gayret-i dîniyyenin daha etkili olacağını” ileri sürmüşse de (Ma‘rûzât, s. 114) başta Nâmık Kemal olmak üzere Osmanlı aydınlarının büyük çoğunluğuna göre vatan kavramı giderek güçlenen bir enerji kaynağıdır. Özellikle ilk zamanlarda, “Vatan sevgisi imandandır” hadisinin -zayıf veya mevzû olduğu kabul edilmesine rağmen (Abdülmüteâl M. el-Cebrî, s. 98)- müslüman toplumlarında vatandaşlık duygusu ve milliyetçilik ideolojisinin güçlendirilmesi için kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu arada okul müfredatına ma‘lûmât-ı vataniyye, vatandaşlık/yurttaşlık bilgisi gibi isimlerle dersler konulduğu; Ahmed Cevad’ın Müsâhabât-ı Ahlâkiyye: Sıhhiyye-Medeniyye-Vataniyye-İnsâniyye (İstanbul 1330), Orhan Fuad’ın Musâhabât-ı Ahlâkiyye Ma‘lûmât-ı Vataniyyem: İlk Mektep Dördüncü Sınıf (İstanbul 1342), Mehmed Emin’in (Erişirgil) Ma‘lûmât-ı Vataniyye: Lise ve Muallim Mektepleri İçin (İstanbul 1340), Ali Kâmî’nin (Akyüz) Musâhabât-ı Ahlâkiyye ve Ma‘lûmât-ı Vataniyye: İlk Mekteb Dörd (İstanbul 1926) adlı kitapları gibi pek çok eserde vatandaşlık bilgisinin öğretildiği ve vatan sevgisinin güçlendirilmeye çalışıldığı görülmektedir.
Tasavvuf literatüründe vatan kelimesi coğrafî anlamıyla tanımlansa da kavramın maddî alandan mânevî alana taşındığı görülür. Serrâc’ın, “Hangi vatan daha iyidir?” sorusuna bir hakîme atfen kaydettiği, “İhtiyaçlarını aradığında bulduğun yerdir” şeklindeki cevapla bizzat kendisinin, “Vatan kişinin rahata erdiği ve karar kıldığı yerdir” ifadesi geleneksel vatan tanımını hatırlatır. Ancak Serrâc bu sözlerin devamında Ebü’l-Hasan en-Nûrî’nin, “Görmez misin, O beni nasıl vatanımdan koparıp yollara düşürdü” diye başlayan ve Allah aşkının ruhunu kararsız hale getirdiğini anlatan şiiri üzerine yaptığı açıklamalarla vatan kavramını mânevî alana kaydırır. Burada Ebû Süleyman ed-Dârânî’nin, “İman yakīnden üstündür; çünkü iman vatanât, yakīn hatarâttır” dediği nakledilir. Bu ifadede “vatanât” sağlam ve kesin biçimde yerleşmiş durumları, “hatarât” ise zihne (hâtır) gelen değişken doğuşları ifade eder (el-Lümaʿ, s. 367-369). Sülemî’nin naklettiğine göre Ali b. Sehl iman yerine huzur kelimesini kullanarak Dârânî’nin sözlerini tekrar etmiş (Ṭabaḳāt, s. 234), yine Sülemî’nin anlattığına göre Dârânî gibi Ebû Amr ed-Dımaşkī de vatanât halinin hatarât halinden üstün olduğunu söylemiştir. Çünkü zihne doğan şeyler (havâtır) parlar ve söner, vatanât ise bir defa belirince sabit kalır ve kesinleşir. Kuruntular havâtırdan kaynaklanır; zira kuruntu sahibi zihnine doğan şeylerin sürekli kalacağını zanneder, vatanât sahibinin ise bir davası yoktur (a.g.e. , s. 278). Ayrıca sûfîler hayatın geçiciliğini vurgulayan, dünyayı bir garip veya yolcu gibi yaşamaya teşvik eden hadislere dayanarak ruhun bu dünyada gurbette bulunduğunu, asıl vatanının kopup geldiği ruhlar âlemi olduğunu düşünmüş ve bu vatana kavuşmanın özlemi içinde yaşamaya çalışmıştır (ayrıca bk. GURBET ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Düreyd, Cemheretü’l-luġa (nşr. Fr. Krenkow v.dğr.), Haydarâbâd 1345, III, 119. Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1529-1530.Müsned , I, 13; IV, 30. Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 3, “Aḥkâm”, 37. Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 75, “İmâre”, 36. Câhiz, Resâʾil (nşr. Abdüsselâm M. Hârûn), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-Hancî), I, 63-65; II, 379-412. Serrâc, el-Lümaʿ (nşr. R. A. Nicholson), Leiden 1914, s. 367-369. Sülemî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 234, 278. İbn Münkız, Kitâbü’l-Menâzil ve’d-diyâr, Dımaşk 1385/1965, II, 3-32. Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr, Beyrut 1412/1991, II, 396. Cevdet, Ma ‘rûzât , s. 114. Abdülmüteâl M. el-Cebrî, el-Müştehir mine’l-ḥadîs̱, Kahire 1407/1987, s. 98. Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, İstanbul 2001, II, 147. U. Haarmann, “Waṭan”, EI2 (Fr.), XI, 190-191.
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